نوع مقاله : مطالعه پژوهشی اصیل

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری روان‌شناسی ورزش، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام رضا (ع)

2 استاد دانشگاه جامع امام حسین (ع)

3 دانشیار دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثربخشی مداخلات روان‌شناختی بر کاهش اضطراب صفت رقابتی و ترس از ارزیابی منفی در ورزشکاران بود. بدین‌منظور نمونه‌ای 90 نفری به صورت در دسترس انتخاب و در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل جای داده شدند. ابزار جمع‌آوری اطلاعات، پرسش‌نامۀ اضطراب رقابتی و مقیاس ترس از ارزیابی منفی بود. پکیج آموزشی مداخلات، در طول 12 جلسۀ 90 دقیقه‌ای بر گروه آزمایش اجرا گردید. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل کوواریانس در کاهش اضطراب صفت نشان داد که تفاوت معناداری بین گروه‌ها وجود دارد، ولی در کاهش ترس از ارزیابی منفی تفاوت معناداری را نشان نداد. به‌طور کلی، نتایج حاکی از تأثیر اجرای مداخلات روان‌شناختی بر کاهش اضطراب رقابتی ورزشکاران می‌باشد و پیشنهاد می‌شود به‌منظور کاهش ترس از ارزیابی منفی ورزشکاران مداخلاتی با تأکید بیشتر بر اصلاح نگرش فرد دربارۀ خود اجرا گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions on Reducing Competitive Trait Anxiety and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Athletes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Adele Zehtab Najafi 1
  • Seyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Moosavi 2
  • Hamidreza Taheri 3

چکیده [English]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of selected psychological interventions on reducing competitive trait anxiety and fear of negative evaluation in athletes. Using convenience sampling, 90 people were placed in two experimental and control groups. Information collecting tools were Competitive Trait Anxiety Questionnaire and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. The educational package was conducted through 12 ninety-minute sessions in the experimental group. Analysis of covariance results in reducing competitive trait anxiety revealed that there was a significant difference between groups, but analysis of covariance results in reducing fear of negative evaluation had no significant difference. In all, performance of psychological interventions is effective on reducing competitive anxiety in athletes and in order to reduce fear of negative evaluation in athletes, it is essential to design the interventions with more emphasis on correcting the self- attitude.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Psychological Interventions
  • Competitive Anxiety
  • Fear of Negative Evaluation
1.Abolghasemi.A, Kiamasi, A. A., Aryapooran, S., & Dortaj, S. (2006). A Survey on the Relationship of Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict and Competitive Anxiety with Sport Performance and Academic Achievements in the Athletes. Research and Planning in Higher Education, 12(2), Pp: 39-53. In persian.
2.Ahmadi, A. (2013). Effectiveness of exercise biofeedback and relaxation muscular on statecompetitive anxiety  and semi-skilled soccer players performance. (PhD thesis), University of martyr Beheshti. In persian.
3. Alden, L. E., Taylor, C. T., Mellings, T. M. J., & Laposa, J. M. (2008). Social anxiety and the  interpretation of positive events. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, Pp: 850-866.
 
 
4. Alwan, M., Zakaria, A., Rahim, M. A., Hamid, N. A., & Fuad, M. (2013). Comparison between two relaxation methods on competitive state anxiety among college soccer teams during pre-competition stage. International Journal of Advanced Sport Sciences Research, 1(1), Pp: 90-104.
5. Anderson, B., Goldin, P. R., Kurita, K., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Self-representation in social anxiety disorder: linguistic analysis of autobiographical narratives.Behaviour
Research and Therapy. Vol. 46, Pp:11191125.
6. Athan, A. N., & Sampson, U. I. (2013). Coping with precompetitive anxiety in sport competition. European Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 1(1), Pp; 1-9.
 
 
7. Benor, D. J., Ledger, K., Toussaint, L., Hett, G., & Zaccaro, D. (2009). Pilot study of emotional freedom techniques, wholistic hybrid derived from eye movement, desensitization and reprocessing and emotional freedom technique and cognitive
behavioural therapy for treatment of test anxiety in university students. Journal of Science and Healing, 10(6), Pp: 338-340.
8. Church, D., & Downs, D. (2012). Sports confidence and critical incident intensity after a brief application of Emotional Freedom
Techniques: A pilot study. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 4(2), Pp: 99-103.
9.Dugas, M., Brillon, P., Savard, P., Turcotte, J., Gaudet, A., Ladouceur, R., Gervais, N. (2010). A Randomized Clinical Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Applied Relaxation for Adults With Generalized Anxiety Disorder. journal of Behavior Therapy, 41(1), Pp: 46-58.
10.Erol, R. Y., & Orth, U. (2011). Self-esteem development from age 14 to 30 years: A longitudinal study., 101(3),. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(3), Pp:  607-619.
11.Fox.L, & Malinowski.P. (2013). Improvement in study-related emotions in undergraduates following Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT): A single-blind controlled study. Energy Psychology: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(2) , Pp: 15-26.
12.Free. M. (1999). Cognitive therapy in groups: guide lines and resources for practice. (M.  Mohammadi Trans): Roshd Publisher. In persian.
13.Goharrokhi, S. (2005). Investigating the rate of athletes`anxiety in cognitive and motorcognitive fields. Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 5, Pp: 30-45.
14. Gray.C. (2010). The EFT Maanual. (N. A. Yousefi, Trans.): Behtadbir Publisher. In persian
 
 
 
15. Grange, P., & Kerr, J. H. (2010). Physical aggression in Australian football: A qualitative study of elite athletes. Journal Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(2), Pp: 36-43.
16. Hofmann, S. G., & Heinrichs, N. (2003). Differential effect of mirror manipulation on self-perception in social phobia subtypes., 27, . Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, Pp: 131–142.
17. Karatzias, T., Power, K., Brown, K., McGoldrick, T., Begum, B., Young, J., Adams, S. (2011).  A Controlled comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of two psychological therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(6), Pp: 372-378.
18.Kendall, P. C. (1993). Cognitive behavioral therapies with youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, Pp: 235-247.
19. Loerinca, A. G., Meuretb, A. E., Twohigc, M. P., Rosenfieldb, D., Bluettc, E. J., Craske M. G. (2015). Response rates for CBT for anxiety disorders: Need for standardized criteria. Clinical Psychology Review,42, Pp:72-82.
20. Martens, R., Vealy, R. S., & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign, I,L: Human Kinetics.
21.Mehrabizade, M., Najarian, B., & Baharlo, R. (1999). Relationship between Perfectionism with Social Anxiety in Students. Journal of Psychology, 3(3), Pp:231-248.
22. Nikooi, F. (2011). Perfectionism and Fear of Evulationin in Social Anxiety. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 7(12), Pp: 93-112 . In persian.
23.Palmer-Hoffman, J., & Brooks, A. (2011). Psychological symptom change after group application of emotional freedom techniques (EFT). Journal Energy Psychology: Theory, Research, & Treatment, 3(1), Pp: 33-38.
24.Patterson, S. (2016). The effect of emotional freedom technique on stress and anxiety in nursing students: a pilot study. In Press, Accepted Manuscript
25. Peter, C, Terry , A., Lane, M., & Shepherdson, A. (2004). Re-evaluation of the Factorial Validity of the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2, Pp: 44-65.
26. Rajkumar, S. (2012). A comparison of precompetition anxiety of male and female badminton players. Journal International Referred Reseach, 17(1), Pp: 38-56.
27. Rashidi A, Atash-Poor H, Badami R. (2013). Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique on the Football Anxiety. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 31(255): 1608-19.
28. Shiraghakotanayi, S. (2013). Effect relaxation on amount state competition anxiety  young wrestlers Ghaem shahr (Master's Thesis ), Islamic Azad University of Karaj. In persian.
29. Silva, J. M., Metzler, J. M., & lERNER, B. (2011). Training Professionals in the Practice of Sport  Psychology (M. K. Vaez Mousavi, Trans.): Nersi Publisher. In persian.
30. Sofian, O. F., & Abdullah , R. (2009). The Effectiveness of Imagery and Coping Strategies in Sport Performance. European Journal of Social Science, 1(9), Pp: 97-108.
31. Sohrabi, M & Fathi, M. (2009). The Application of Mental Skills In Sport. Tehran: Noor Giti publishers. In persian.
32.Thompson, T. (2004). Self-worth protection in achievement behavior: A review and implications for counseling. Australian Journal of Psychology, 31, Pp: 41-51.
33. Vaez Mousavi, M. K., & Mosayebi, F. (2011). Sport psychology. Tehran: Samt publishers. In persian.
34.Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1996). Measurement of socialevaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, Pp: 448-457.