Document Type : Original research study
Authors
Abstract
The Purpose of the present study was to determine relationship between IQ levels with physical fitness factors in students with Intellectual Disability (ID). A number of 355 students (n=160 males and 195 females) with intellectual disability (mean age:16-22 years) were selected from all of the ID students in pre-vocational and vocational schools in Tehran (n=1663).To measure physical fitness level, Eurofit Special Battery Tests was used. Students IQ level & medical history were collected from school educational, counseling, and health documents. Findings from Spearman correlation coefficient indicated that except flexibility, there were significant relationship between IQ levels with other physical fitness factors. It means that, the higher IQ leads to better performance in cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, balance walk, strength & speed tests. Since PE classes are held jointly, regardless of IQ level; therefore, it is suggested to train any type of physical activity & sport, as well as the design of training programs, abilities of individuals with different levels of IQ to be considered.
Keywords
- حافظ‌نیا، م. ر. (1382). مقدمهای بر روش تحقیق در علوم انسانی. انتشارات سمت، تهران.
- شاکریان، س. (1372). بررسی ارتباط بین هوش و توانائیهای حرکتی - جسمانی پسران 16-13 سال عقبماندة ذهنی استان خوزستان. پایاننامة کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه تربیت معلم تهران.
- هیوود، کی. (2008). رشد حرکتی در طول عمر. ترجمة نمازیزاده، م.، و اصلانخانی، م. ع. (1387). تهران: انتشارت سمت.
- لوریا، ا. ر. (بیتا). کودک عقبماندة ذهنی. ترجمة خانزاده، علی. (1373). تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.
- میلانیفر، ب. (1390). روانشناسی کودکان و نوجوانان استثنائی. ویرایش ششم، تهران: نشر قومس.
- هاردمن، ام.، کلیفورد، جی. دی.، اگن، ام. وی. (بیتا). روانشناسی و آموزش کودکان استثنایی: جامعه، مدرسه و خانواده. ترجمة علیزاده، ح.، گنجی،ک.، یوسفیلویه، م.، و یادگاری، ف. (1388). تهران: چاپ اول، نشر دانژه.
- Cowley, P. M., Ploutz-Snyder, L. L., Baynard, T., Heffernan, K., Jae, S. Y., Hsu, S., Lee, M. K., Pitetti, H., Reiman, M. P., & Fernhall, B. (2010). Physical fitness predicts functional tasks in individuals with Down syndrome. Med, Sci, Sports Exerc, 42 (2), 388–393.
- Frey, G. C., & Chow B. (2006). Relationship between BMI, physical fitness, and motor skills in youth with mild intellectual disabilities. Int J Obesity, 30, 861-867.
- Graham, A., & Reid, G. (2000). Physical fitness of adults with an intellectual disability: A 13-year follow-up study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71 (2), 152–161.
- Guidetti, L., Franciosi, E., Gallorta, M. C., Emerenziani, G. P., & Baldari, C. (2010). Could be sport specialization influence fitness and health of adults with mental retardation?. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31 (5), 1070–1075.
- Harris, J. C. (2006). Intellectual Disability: Understanding Its Development, Causes, Classification, Evaluation, & Treatment. Oxford University Press.
- Hartman, E., Houwen, S., Scherder, E., & Visscher, C. (2010). On the relationship between motor performance and executive functioning in children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 468–477.
- Hove, O. (2004). Weight survey on adult persons with mental retardation living in the community. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25, 9-17.
- Lahtinen, U., Rintala, P., & Malin, A. (2007). Physical Performance of Individuals with Intellectual Disability: A 30-Year Follow-Up. Adapt Phys Activ Q, 24, 125-143.
- Onder, G. Penninx, B. W., Lapuerta, P., Fried, L. P., Ostir, G.V., Guralnik, J. M., & Pahor, M. (2002). Change in physical performance over time in older women: the Women’s Health and Aging Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci; 57 (5):M289–93.
- Sherrill, C. (2003). Adapted physical activity, recreation, and sport. Mc Graw Hil, six edition. USA.
- Shields, N., Nicholas, F., Taylor, B., & Fernhall, B. (2010). A study protocol of a randomized controlled trial to investigate if a community based strength training programme improves work task performance in young adults with Down syndrome Shields et al. BMC Pediatrics. 10(17). pp. 1-7.
- Skowronski, W., Horvat, M., Nocera, J. Roswal, G., Croce, R. (2009). Eurofit Special: European fitness battery score variation among individuals with intellectual disabilities, Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 26, 54-67.
- Van de Vliet. P., Rintala, P., Frojd, K., Verellen, J., Van Houtte, S., Daly, D. J., & Vanlandewijck. Y. C. (2006). Physical fitness profile of elite athletes with intellectual disability, Scand. J Med Sci Sports, 16: 417-425.
Vuijk, P. J., Hartman, E., Scherder, E., & Visscher, C. (2010). Motor performance of children with mild intellectual disability and borderline intellectual functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 955–965.
)