Document Type : Original research study
Authors
1 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
2 Ph. D of Motor Behavior, Urmia University
Abstract
Addiction is captivity like abuse of substance or drugs that makes a person be physically and psychologically dependent to it and influences all his personal and social behaviors and as the most important social harm it attacks human societies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical exercise on self-control skills and also aggression among addicted women. 30 addicted women were purposively selected and divided into two groups of physical exercise and control based on age. Aerobic exercise program was included on 24 sessions, three sessions per week (60 minutes for each session). Self-control and aggression questionnaires were filled at both occasions including baseline and at the end of the last training session. The results of MANOVA showed significant improvements in both self-control and aggression variables. According to the results, physical activity can improve mental and psychological skills in addicted women and can be used as an alternative for non-drug treatments during withdrawal period.
Keywords
Main Subjects
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28. Munoz-Duran, S. (2011). Treating addicted women: The significance of gender-responsive services. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach.
29. Naghdi, H., Adibrad, N., & Nouranipour, R. (2010). The effectiveness of the emotional intelligence training on the aggressiveness among adolescent boys. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci), 14(3).
30. Niazi, S., & Adil, A. (2008). Relationship between panic attacks and aggression with respect to age and gender. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34(20), 283-93. (In Persian).
31. Oaten, M., & Cheng, K. (2006). Longitudinal gains in self‐regulation from regular physical exercise. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(4), 717-33.
32. Prochaska, J. J., Hall, S. M., Humfleet, G., Muňoz, R. F., Reus, V., Gorecki, J., & Hu, D. (2008). Physical activity as a strategy for maintaining tobacco abstinence: A randomized trial. Preventive Medicine, 47(2), 215-20.
33. Rabbani Bavejdan, M., Nike Azin, A., Kaviani, N., & Khezri Moghaddam, A. (2012). Beliefs about aggression and metacognitive strategies in men abuse provision to remove the material. Journal of Applied Psychology, 23(15), 112-15. (In Persian).
34. Rahimi Movaghar, A., Malayerikhah Langroodi, Z., Delbarpour Ahmadi, S., & Amini Esmaeili, M. (2011). A qualitative study of specific needs of women for treatment of addiction. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 17(2), 116-25. (In Persian).
35. Ridder, D. T., de Boer, B. J., Lugtig, P., Bakker, A. B., & van Hooft, E. A. (2011). Not doing bad things is not equivalent to doing the right thing: Distinguishing between inhibitory and initiatory self-control. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 1006-11.
36. Roozen, H. G., de Waart, R., van der Windt, D. A., van den Brink, W., de Jong, C. A., & Kerkhof, A. J. (2006). A systematic review of the effectiveness of naltrexone in the maintenance treatment of opioid and alcohol dependence. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 16(5), 311-23.
37. Sanchez, H., Quinn, J. J., Torregrossa, M. M., & Taylor, J. R. (2010). Reconsolidation of a cocaine-associated stimulus requires amygdalar protein kinase A. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(12), 4401-7.
38. Sawadi, H. (1999). Individual risk factors for adolescence substance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 55(3), 209-24. (In Persian).
39. Seyyed Amer, M. (2003). Explaining the features of depression among athletes and non-athletes female and male high school students in Urmia. Harkat, 18, 81-96. (In Persian).
40. Shirsavar, M., Amyrtash, A. M., Jalali, Sh., Kushani, M., Keavanloo, F., & Seyed Ahmadi, M. (2013). Compare the effectiveness of two methods of rehabilitation with and without exercise on quality of life and self-esteem. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 20(3), 292-301. (In Persian).
41. Smith, M. A., & Lynch, W. J. (2011). Exercise as a potential treatment for drug abuse: Evidence from preclinical studies. Frontiers in Psychiatry,2 (82), 1-10.
42. Sokhadze, T. M., Stewart, C. M., & Hollifield, M. (2007). Integrating cognitive neuroscience research and cognitive behavioral treatment with neurofeedback therapy in drug addiction comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder: A conceptual review. Journal of Neurotherapy, 11(2), 13-44. (In Persian).
43. Storch, E. A., Storch, J. B., Killiany, E. M., & Roberti, J. W. (2005). Self-reported psychopathology in athletes: A comparison of intercollegiate student-athletes and non-athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28(1), 1-11.
44. Sundhy, S. (2012). Yoga during pregnancy and childbirth (1st ed). Tehran: Soratgar Publication. 91-115.
45. Sussman, S., Dent, C. W., & Leu, L. (2001). The one-year prospective prediction of substance abuse and dependence among high-risk adolescents. Journal of Substance Abuse, 12(4), 373-86.
46. Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self‐control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271-324.
47. Wallace, J., & Rotgers, F. (1996). Theory of 12-step oriented treatment. Treating Substance Abuse: Theory and Technique, 2, 9-30.
48. Weinberg, D. (2005). Of others inside: Insanity, addiction, and belonging in America (1st ed). Temple University Press. e book. 15-21.
49. Wilmore, J. H., Costill, D. L., & Kenney, L. (2017). Physiologie du sport et de l'exercice (5st ed). Paris: De Boeck Superieur Publication. 131-171.
50. Zakariaei, M. (2003). Sociology of drug use, drug abuse. Journal of Research on Addiction, 5, 55-84. (In Persian).
51. Zand, D. H., Chou, J. L., Pierce, K. J., Pennington, L. B., Dickens, R. R., Michael, J., & White, T. (2017). Parenting self-efficacy and empowerment among expectant mothers with substance use disorders. Midwifery, 48, 32-38.
52. Zlebnik, N. E., Saykao, A. T., & Carroll, M. E. (2014). Effects of combined exercise and progesterone treatments on cocaine seeking in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology, 231(18), 3787-98.
2. Atlantis, E., Chow, C. M., Kirby, A., & Singh, M. F. (2004). An effective exercise-based intervention for improving mental health and quality of life measures: A randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine, 39(2), 424-34.
3. Bailey, C. P., & Husbands, S. M. (2014). Novel approaches for the treatment of psychostimulant and opioid abuse–focus on opioid receptor-based therapies. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 9(11), 1333-44.
4. Barbera, L., Paglia, L., & Valsavoia, R. (2009). Social network and addiction. Stud Health Technol Inform, 144, 33-6.
5. Bawor, M., Dennis, B. B., Anglin, R., Steiner, M., Thabane, L., & Samaan, Z. (2014). Sex differences in outcomes of methadone maintenance treatment for
opioid addiction: A systematic review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 3(1), 45.
6. Blume, A. W. (2005). Treating drug problems (1st ed). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Publication. 188-202.
7. Brady, K. T., Back, S. E., & Greenfield, S. F. (2009). Women and addiction: A comprehensive handbook (1st ed). New York: Guilford Press Publication. 65-84.
8. Brook, D. W., & Spitz, H. I. (2002). The group therapy of substance abuse (1st ed). New York:: Haworth Medical Press Publication. 3-16.
9. Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452.
10. Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 98.
11. Ford, J. A., & Blumenstein, L. (2013). Self-control and substance use among college students. Journal of Drug issues, 43(1), 56-68.
12. Hafalir, I. E., & Linardi, S. (2017). Awareness of low self-control: Theory and evidence from a homeless shelter. Journal of Economic Psychology, 61, 39-54.
13. Hanton, S., Thomas, O., & Maynard, I. (2004). Competitive anxiety responses in the week leading up to competition: The role of intensity, direction and frequency dimensions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(2), 169-81.
14. Hassanzadeh, M. (2001). The relationship between sports, social adjustment and confident female high school students. (Unpublished master dissertation). Tehran: University of Al-Zahra. (In Persian).
15. Hemayat Talab, R., Bazazan, S., & Lahmi, R. (2003). Comparison of happiness and mental health of female athletes and non-athletes students of Payam Noor and Tehran Universities. Harkate Zemestani (Winter Activities), 18, 131-40. (In Persian).
16. Hojati, S. (2011). Research projects check the status of women drug addiction. Drug Committee of the Expediency Council. (In Persian).
17. Iran Drug Control Headquarters. (2015). Provinces New in DCH. Retrieved June 5, 2015, from: http://www.dchq.ir/.
18. Jackson, K. M., Sher, K. J., & Wood, P. K. (2000). Prospective analysis of comorbidity: Tobacco and alcohol use disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(4), 679.
19. Jalili, A., & Hossainjary, M. (2010). Explaining psychological resilience in terms of efficacy in the athlete and nonathlete students. Journal of Development and Motor Learning, 6, 131-53. (In Persian).
20. Khodayarifard, M., Shahabi, R. A., & Akbari, S. (2009). Piety, self-control and substance abuse from students. Social Welfare, 9(34), 115-30. (In Persian).
21. Leasure, J. L., & Neighbors, C. (2014). Impulsivity moderates the association between physical activity and alcohol consumption. Alcohol, 48(4), 361-6.
22. Lind, E., Ekkekakis, P., & Vazou, S. (2008). The affective impact of exercise intensity that slightly exceeds the preferred level: Pain'for no additional'gain. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(4), 464-8.
23. Longshore, D., Rand, S. T., & Stein, J. A. (1996). Self‐control in a criminal sample: An examination of construct validity. Criminology, 34(2), 209-28.
24. Lynch, W. J., Peterson, A. B., Sanchez, V., Abel, J., & Smith, M. A. (2013). Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: A neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(8), 1622-44.
25. Marefat, M., Peymanzad, H., & Alikhajeh, Y. (2011). The study of the effects of yoga exercises on addicts’ depression and anxiety in rehabilitation period. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1494-8. (In Persian).
26. Mogharnasi, M., Kushani, M., Golestane, F., Seeyed Ahmadi, M., & Keavanloo, F. (2012). Effect of aerobic exercise on mental health addicted women. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 8(2), 91-97. (In Persian).
27. Mousavimoghadam, S. R., Houri, S., Omidi, A., & Zahirikhah, N. (2015). Evaluation of relationship between intellectual intelligence and self-control, and defense mechanisms in the third year of secondary school girls. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity-Tehran Medical Branch, 25(1), 59-64. (In Persian).
28. Munoz-Duran, S. (2011). Treating addicted women: The significance of gender-responsive services. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach.
29. Naghdi, H., Adibrad, N., & Nouranipour, R. (2010). The effectiveness of the emotional intelligence training on the aggressiveness among adolescent boys. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci), 14(3).
30. Niazi, S., & Adil, A. (2008). Relationship between panic attacks and aggression with respect to age and gender. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34(20), 283-93. (In Persian).
31. Oaten, M., & Cheng, K. (2006). Longitudinal gains in self‐regulation from regular physical exercise. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(4), 717-33.
32. Prochaska, J. J., Hall, S. M., Humfleet, G., Muňoz, R. F., Reus, V., Gorecki, J., & Hu, D. (2008). Physical activity as a strategy for maintaining tobacco abstinence: A randomized trial. Preventive Medicine, 47(2), 215-20.
33. Rabbani Bavejdan, M., Nike Azin, A., Kaviani, N., & Khezri Moghaddam, A. (2012). Beliefs about aggression and metacognitive strategies in men abuse provision to remove the material. Journal of Applied Psychology, 23(15), 112-15. (In Persian).
34. Rahimi Movaghar, A., Malayerikhah Langroodi, Z., Delbarpour Ahmadi, S., & Amini Esmaeili, M. (2011). A qualitative study of specific needs of women for treatment of addiction. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 17(2), 116-25. (In Persian).
35. Ridder, D. T., de Boer, B. J., Lugtig, P., Bakker, A. B., & van Hooft, E. A. (2011). Not doing bad things is not equivalent to doing the right thing: Distinguishing between inhibitory and initiatory self-control. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 1006-11.
36. Roozen, H. G., de Waart, R., van der Windt, D. A., van den Brink, W., de Jong, C. A., & Kerkhof, A. J. (2006). A systematic review of the effectiveness of naltrexone in the maintenance treatment of opioid and alcohol dependence. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 16(5), 311-23.
37. Sanchez, H., Quinn, J. J., Torregrossa, M. M., & Taylor, J. R. (2010). Reconsolidation of a cocaine-associated stimulus requires amygdalar protein kinase A. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(12), 4401-7.
38. Sawadi, H. (1999). Individual risk factors for adolescence substance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 55(3), 209-24. (In Persian).
39. Seyyed Amer, M. (2003). Explaining the features of depression among athletes and non-athletes female and male high school students in Urmia. Harkat, 18, 81-96. (In Persian).
40. Shirsavar, M., Amyrtash, A. M., Jalali, Sh., Kushani, M., Keavanloo, F., & Seyed Ahmadi, M. (2013). Compare the effectiveness of two methods of rehabilitation with and without exercise on quality of life and self-esteem. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 20(3), 292-301. (In Persian).
41. Smith, M. A., & Lynch, W. J. (2011). Exercise as a potential treatment for drug abuse: Evidence from preclinical studies. Frontiers in Psychiatry,2 (82), 1-10.
42. Sokhadze, T. M., Stewart, C. M., & Hollifield, M. (2007). Integrating cognitive neuroscience research and cognitive behavioral treatment with neurofeedback therapy in drug addiction comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder: A conceptual review. Journal of Neurotherapy, 11(2), 13-44. (In Persian).
43. Storch, E. A., Storch, J. B., Killiany, E. M., & Roberti, J. W. (2005). Self-reported psychopathology in athletes: A comparison of intercollegiate student-athletes and non-athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28(1), 1-11.
44. Sundhy, S. (2012). Yoga during pregnancy and childbirth (1st ed). Tehran: Soratgar Publication. 91-115.
45. Sussman, S., Dent, C. W., & Leu, L. (2001). The one-year prospective prediction of substance abuse and dependence among high-risk adolescents. Journal of Substance Abuse, 12(4), 373-86.
46. Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self‐control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271-324.
47. Wallace, J., & Rotgers, F. (1996). Theory of 12-step oriented treatment. Treating Substance Abuse: Theory and Technique, 2, 9-30.
48. Weinberg, D. (2005). Of others inside: Insanity, addiction, and belonging in America (1st ed). Temple University Press. e book. 15-21.
49. Wilmore, J. H., Costill, D. L., & Kenney, L. (2017). Physiologie du sport et de l'exercice (5st ed). Paris: De Boeck Superieur Publication. 131-171.
50. Zakariaei, M. (2003). Sociology of drug use, drug abuse. Journal of Research on Addiction, 5, 55-84. (In Persian).
51. Zand, D. H., Chou, J. L., Pierce, K. J., Pennington, L. B., Dickens, R. R., Michael, J., & White, T. (2017). Parenting self-efficacy and empowerment among expectant mothers with substance use disorders. Midwifery, 48, 32-38.
52. Zlebnik, N. E., Saykao, A. T., & Carroll, M. E. (2014). Effects of combined exercise and progesterone treatments on cocaine seeking in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology, 231(18), 3787-98.
)