Document Type : Original research study

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of Motor Behaviour, School of Humanities, Department of Sport Science, Damghan University

2 M.Sc. of Motor Behavior, Islamic Azad University, Shooshtar Branch

Abstract

The warm-up decrement is a temporary drop in performance that is followed by a short period of rest. 60 subjects were randomly divided into six groups of imagery and skill types including: internal-closed, external-closed, control-closed, internal-open, external-open and control-open. Each group performed their tasks for 15 minutes and their points for ten final trials were recorded. During the rest period, the subjects performed internal and external imagery followed by five other trials. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the imagery and control groups in both open and closed skills. In the external imagery between open and closed groups (at a five-minute rest), there was a significant difference in favor of the open skill group. Based on the results, the imagery is an appropriate method for the improvement in warm-up decrement and it is recommended to use external imagery especially for open motor skills.

Keywords

Main Subjects

1. Adams, J. A. (1961). The second facet of forgetting: A review of warm–up decrement. Psychological Bulletin, 58(4), 257-73.
2. Anshel, M. H. (1985). The effect of arousal on warm-up decrement. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56(1), 1-9.
3. Anshel, M. H. (1991). A field test examining the activity–set hypothesis for warm–up decrement. The Australian Journal of Sport and Medicine in Sport, 23(2), 44-52.
4. Anshel, M. H. (1993). Effects of modeling and observer´s ego involvement on warm–up decrement. Journal of Sport Sciences, 11(5), 463-72.
5. Anshel, M. H. (1995). Examining warm–up decremet as a function of interpolated open and closed motor task: Implications for practice strategies. Journal of Sports Sciences, 13(3), 247-56.
6. Anshel, M. H., & Wrisberg, C. A. (1988). The effect of arousal and focused attention on warm–up decrement. Journal of Sport Behavior, 11, 18-31.
7. Anshel, M. H., & Wrisberg, C. A. (1993). Reducing in warm–up decrement in the performance of the tennis serve. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(3), 290-303.
8. Bishop, D. (2003). Warm up: Potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm-up on exercise performance. Sport Medicine, 33(6), 439-54.
9. Coelho, R. W., Campos, W. D., Silva, S. G. D., Okazaki, F. H. A., & Keller, B. (2007). Imagery intervention in open and closed tennis motor skill performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105(2), 458-68.
10. Decety, J., Sjöholm, H., Ryding, E., Stenberg, G., & Ingvar, D. (1990). The cerebellum participates in mental activity: Tomographic measurements of regional cerebral blood flow. Brain Research, 535(2), 313-17.
11. Goldberg, D. P., Gater, R., Sartorius, N., Ustun, T. B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., & Rutter C. (1997). The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 191-7.
12. Grouisos, G. (1992). Mental practice: A review. Journal of Sport Behavior, 15(1), 42-59.
13. Guillot, A., & Collet, Ch (2008). Construction of the Motor Imagery Integrative Model in Sport: A review and theoretical investigation of motor imagery use. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 31-44.
14. Guillot, A., Collet, C., Nguyen, V. A., Malouin, F., Richards, C., & Doyon, J. (2009). Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: An FMRI study. Human Brain Mapp, 30(7), 2157-72.
15. Hall, C. R. (2001). Imagery in sport and exercise. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology. (2nd ed). New York: Wiley. Pp. 529-49.
16. Hall, C., & Martin, K. A. (1997). Measuring movement imagery abilities: A revision of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Mental Imagery, 21(1-2), 143-54.
17. Hardy, L., & Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(2), 95-112.
18. Hinshaw, K. E. (1991). The effect of mental practice on motor skill performance: Critical evaluation and metaanalysis. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 11(1), 3-35.
19. Holmes, P. S., & Collins, D. J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 60-83.
20. Katis, A., & Kellis, E. (2010). Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces during the instep and outstep soccer kicks in pubertal players. Journal of Sport Sciences, 28(11), 1233-41.
21. Kizildag, E., & Tiryaki, M. S. (2012). Imagery use of athletes in individual and team sports that require open and closed skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 114(3), 748-56.
22. Ko, Y. G., & Seo, Y. W. (2013). The effect of sleep on warm-up decrement in practice of a golf putting. Korean Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(3), 1-8.
23. Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16(6), 495-510.
24. Mohammadzadeh, H., & Ghorbani, S. (2009). The effect of tasks interfering with different time periods on warm-up decrement in volleyball service. World Journal of Sport Sciences, 3(1), 195-200. (In Persian).
25. Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Perry, C. (2004). Mental imagery in sport. In T. Morris & J. Sumers (Eds.), Sport psychology: Theory, applications and issues. (2nd ed). Brisbane, Austral: Wiley. Pp. 344-87.
26. Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in sport (Vol. 1). United States of America: Hampaign, Il: Human Kinetics. Pp. 20-2.
27. Murphy, S. M., & Martin, K. A. (2002). The use of imagery in sport. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology. (2nd ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Pp. 405-39.
28. Nacson, J., & Schmidt, R. A. (1971). The activity-set hypothesis warm up decrement. Journal of Motor Behavior, 3(1), 1-15.
29. Newell, K. M., Mayer-Kress, G., Hong, S., & Liu, Y. T. (2009). Adaptation and learning: Characteristic Time scales of performance dynamics. Human Movement Science, 28(6), 55-687.
30. Paivio, A. (1985). Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science, 10(4), 22-8.
31. Rushall, B. S., & Lippman, L. G. (1998). The role of imagery in physical performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29(1), 57-72.
32. Sardar, B. (2014). Effect of warm-up of different duration on selected soccer skill performance. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(9), 101-28.
33. Schmidt, R. A., & Wrisberg, C. A. (1997). The activity-set hypothesis for warm-up decrement in a movement speed task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 3(4), 318-25.
34. Spittle, M., & Morris, T. (2007). Internal and external imagery perspective measurement and use in imagining open and closed sports skills. An Exploratory Study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104(2), 387-404.
35. Spittle, M., & Morris, T. (2011). Can internal and external imagery perspectives be trained? Journal of Mental Imagery, 35(3&4), 81-104.
36. Taghavi, M. R. (2001). Determination of validity and reliability General Health Questionnaire. Journal of Psychology, 5(4), 381-98. (In Persian).
37. White, A., & Hardy, L. (1995). Use of different imagery perspectives on the learning and performance of different motor skills. British Journal of Psychology, 86(2), 191-216.
38. Wrisberg, C. A., & Anshel, M. H. (1993). A field test of the activity-s hypothesis for warm-up decrement in an open skill. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64(1), 39-45.
39. Wrisberg, C. A., & Anshel, M. H. (1997). The use of positively-wo performance reminders to reduce warm-up decrement in the field hockey penalty shot. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9(1), 229-40.