Document Type : Original research study
Authors
University of Mazandaran
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of instructional and motivational overt self-talk on basketball free throw skill learning. A total of 60 volunteers based on pre-test scores were matched into three groups. Participants in motivational and instructional overt self-talk groups conducted basketball throwing skill acquisition in 12 sessions (30 repeat) while overtly saying “I Can” and “Wrest-Center” respectively before of each throw. The retention and transfer test was held 48 and 72 hours after the last session of the acquisition. Repeated measures and one-way ANOVA were carried out to analyze data. Results showed that the effect of training sessions, group and group ×training sessions were significant. Results revealed that motivational overt self-talk in acquisition, retention and transfer tests was better than other groups. The results of this study suggest that in relatively complex tasks like basketball throwing skill, motivational self-talk would be better choice than other types of self-talk.
Keywords
1. Aghdasi, M. T., Torabi, F., & Touba, N. (2014). The comparison effect of motivational self-talk on girls dart throwing learning and performance in late childhood and adolecense. Motor behavior, 12; Pp: 83-96. In Persian.
2. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84; Pp:191-215.
3. Barwood, M., Corbett, J., Wagstaff, C., McVeigh, D., & Thelwell, R. (2015). Motivational self-talk improves 10km time trial cycling compared to neutral self-talk. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(2); Pp: 166-171.
4. Betteridge, D. (2006). The effect of self-talk on skilled figure skaters jumping performance and consistency. (master of science), University of Manitoba canada, (22447).
5. Bunker, L., Williams, J.M., & Zinsser, N. (2001). Cognitive techniques for improving performance and building confidence. Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance, 4; Pp: 225-242.
6. Chroni, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Perkos, S. (2007). Function and Preferences of Motivational and Instructional Self-Talk for Adolescent Basketball Players. online Journal of Sport Psychology, 9(1).
7. Cutton, D. M., Landin, D. (2007). The Effects of Self-Talk and Augmented Feedback on learning the tennis forehand. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(3); Pp: 288-330.
8. Dorri, N., Aslankhani, M. A., & Farokhi, A. (2015). A Comparison of Effect of Instructional Self-Talk and Motivational Self-Talk on Task-Oriented and Ego-Oriented Individuals. Turkish Journal of Scientific Research, 2(4); Pp: 106-111.
9. Harbalis, T., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Theodorakis, Y. (2008). Self-talk in wheelchair basketball: The effect of intervention program on dribbling and passing performance. International journal of special education, 3(3).
10. Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7; Pp: 81-97.
11. Hardy, J., Gammage, K., & Hall, C. R. (2001). A descriptive study of athlete self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 15; Pp: 306-318.
12. Hardy, J., Oliver, E., & Tod, D. (2009). A framework for the study and application of self-talk within sport. Advances in applied sport psychology: A review, Pp: 37-74.
13. Magill, R. A. (2012). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications (10th ed.): McGraw-Hill.
14. Hardy, J., Begley, K., & Blanchfield, A. (2015). It's Good But it's Not Right: Instructional Self-Talk and Skilled Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 27(2); Pp: 132-139.
15. Hardy, L., Jones, J. G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers. Chichester: John Wiley.
16. Harvey, T., Van Raalte, J., & Brewer, B. (2000). Relationship between self-talk and golf performance. International Sports Journal, 6; Pp: 84-91.
17. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the self-talk-performance relationship: The effect of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety. The Journal of psychology of Sport & Exercise, 1; Pp: 1-7.
18. Hidayat, Y., & Budiman, D. (2014). The Influence of Self-Talk on Learning Achievement and Self Confidence. Asian social science, 10(5 ); Pp: 186-193.
19. Kolovelonis, A., Goudas, M., & Dermitzaki, I. (2011). effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on students’ motor task performance in physical education. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12; Pp: 153-158.
20. Landers, D. M., & Arent, S. M. (2001). Arousal performance relationships. Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance, Pp: 206-228.
21. Landin, D. K., & Hebert, P.E. (1999). The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11; Pp: 263-282.
22. Lepadatu, I. (2012). Use self-talk for learning process. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33; Pp: 283-287.
23. Linner, L. (2011). The Effect of Instructional and Motivational Self-Talk on Self-Efficacy and Performance in Golf Players. sport psychology, Pp: 61-90.
24. Perkos, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Chroni, S. (2002). Enhancing performance and skill acquisition in novice basketball players with instructional self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 16(4); Pp: 368-383.
25. Sabounchi, H. R., & Sanatkaran, A. (2015). The effects of motivational and instructional self-talk on male basketball players’ performance. Journal of Novel Applied Sciences, 4(5); Pp: 590-595.
26. Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T.D. (2011). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis (5th ed.): Human Kinetics.
27. Tahmasebi, S., & Shahbazi, M. (2011). The effect of instructional and motivational self-talk on performance of basketball's motor skill. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15; Pp: 3113-3117.
28. Theodorakis, Y., Weinberg, R., Natsis, P., Douma, I., & Kazakas, P. (2000). The effects of motivational versus instructional self-talk on improving motor performance. The Sport Psychologist, 14; Pp: 263-272.
29. VaezMousavi, S., & Rostami, R. (2009). The effects of cognitive and motivational imagery on acquisition, retention and transfer of the basketball free throw. World Journal of Sport Sciences, 2(2); Pp: 129-135.
30. Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2011). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology Online Study Guide (5th ed.): Human Kinetics.
2. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84; Pp:191-215.
3. Barwood, M., Corbett, J., Wagstaff, C., McVeigh, D., & Thelwell, R. (2015). Motivational self-talk improves 10km time trial cycling compared to neutral self-talk. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(2); Pp: 166-171.
4. Betteridge, D. (2006). The effect of self-talk on skilled figure skaters jumping performance and consistency. (master of science), University of Manitoba canada, (22447).
5. Bunker, L., Williams, J.M., & Zinsser, N. (2001). Cognitive techniques for improving performance and building confidence. Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance, 4; Pp: 225-242.
6. Chroni, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Perkos, S. (2007). Function and Preferences of Motivational and Instructional Self-Talk for Adolescent Basketball Players. online Journal of Sport Psychology, 9(1).
7. Cutton, D. M., Landin, D. (2007). The Effects of Self-Talk and Augmented Feedback on learning the tennis forehand. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(3); Pp: 288-330.
8. Dorri, N., Aslankhani, M. A., & Farokhi, A. (2015). A Comparison of Effect of Instructional Self-Talk and Motivational Self-Talk on Task-Oriented and Ego-Oriented Individuals. Turkish Journal of Scientific Research, 2(4); Pp: 106-111.
9. Harbalis, T., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Theodorakis, Y. (2008). Self-talk in wheelchair basketball: The effect of intervention program on dribbling and passing performance. International journal of special education, 3(3).
10. Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7; Pp: 81-97.
11. Hardy, J., Gammage, K., & Hall, C. R. (2001). A descriptive study of athlete self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 15; Pp: 306-318.
12. Hardy, J., Oliver, E., & Tod, D. (2009). A framework for the study and application of self-talk within sport. Advances in applied sport psychology: A review, Pp: 37-74.
13. Magill, R. A. (2012). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications (10th ed.): McGraw-Hill.
14. Hardy, J., Begley, K., & Blanchfield, A. (2015). It's Good But it's Not Right: Instructional Self-Talk and Skilled Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 27(2); Pp: 132-139.
15. Hardy, L., Jones, J. G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers. Chichester: John Wiley.
16. Harvey, T., Van Raalte, J., & Brewer, B. (2000). Relationship between self-talk and golf performance. International Sports Journal, 6; Pp: 84-91.
17. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the self-talk-performance relationship: The effect of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety. The Journal of psychology of Sport & Exercise, 1; Pp: 1-7.
18. Hidayat, Y., & Budiman, D. (2014). The Influence of Self-Talk on Learning Achievement and Self Confidence. Asian social science, 10(5 ); Pp: 186-193.
19. Kolovelonis, A., Goudas, M., & Dermitzaki, I. (2011). effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on students’ motor task performance in physical education. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12; Pp: 153-158.
20. Landers, D. M., & Arent, S. M. (2001). Arousal performance relationships. Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance, Pp: 206-228.
21. Landin, D. K., & Hebert, P.E. (1999). The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11; Pp: 263-282.
22. Lepadatu, I. (2012). Use self-talk for learning process. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33; Pp: 283-287.
23. Linner, L. (2011). The Effect of Instructional and Motivational Self-Talk on Self-Efficacy and Performance in Golf Players. sport psychology, Pp: 61-90.
24. Perkos, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Chroni, S. (2002). Enhancing performance and skill acquisition in novice basketball players with instructional self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 16(4); Pp: 368-383.
25. Sabounchi, H. R., & Sanatkaran, A. (2015). The effects of motivational and instructional self-talk on male basketball players’ performance. Journal of Novel Applied Sciences, 4(5); Pp: 590-595.
26. Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T.D. (2011). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis (5th ed.): Human Kinetics.
27. Tahmasebi, S., & Shahbazi, M. (2011). The effect of instructional and motivational self-talk on performance of basketball's motor skill. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15; Pp: 3113-3117.
28. Theodorakis, Y., Weinberg, R., Natsis, P., Douma, I., & Kazakas, P. (2000). The effects of motivational versus instructional self-talk on improving motor performance. The Sport Psychologist, 14; Pp: 263-272.
29. VaezMousavi, S., & Rostami, R. (2009). The effects of cognitive and motivational imagery on acquisition, retention and transfer of the basketball free throw. World Journal of Sport Sciences, 2(2); Pp: 129-135.
30. Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2011). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology Online Study Guide (5th ed.): Human Kinetics.
)