Document Type : Original research study
Author
Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Alzahra University of Tehran
Abstract
According to SDT, the social environment surrounding an individual is a central determinant of autonomous motivation to be physically active. The aim of this study was prediction of the teens’ sport motivation on the Basis of the motivation of physical education teachers, with the self-determination theory approach. The 102 female PE teachers and 510 female high school students in four regions of Tehran city Education were selected in random-stage method. The Coach Motivation Questionnaire (CMQ, McLean et. al., 2012) and Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ, Gill et. al., 1983) were used. The results showed that there was a positive significant relationship between motivation of teachers and students’ participation motivation in sports. The multiple regression results showed the motivation of teachers was a direct predictor for students’ participation motivation in sport. The introjected regulation and a motivation components had the highest relative share on prediction of students’ sport motivation. These findings are emphasize to importance of effective motivational dimensions of teachers on students' motivation to participate in sports.
Keywords
Main Subjects
1. AbrishamKar, H. (2014). Validity and reliability of Coach Motivation Questionnaire. Master of Art thesis, Kharazmi University. (In Persian)
2. Adie, J. W., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2008). Autonomy support, basic need satisfaction and the optimal functioning of adult male and female sport participants: A test of basic needs theory. Motivation and Emotion, 32(3), 189-99.
3. Alvarez, M. S., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., & Duda, J. L. (2012). The coach-created motivational climate, young athletes’ well-being, and intentions to continue participation. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 6(2), 166-79.
4. Amorose, A. J., & Anderson-Butcher, D. (2007). Autonomy-supportive coaching and self-determined motivation in high school and college athletes: A test of self-determination theory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 654-70.
5. Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., & Duda, J. L. (2008). Autonomy support, needs satisfaction, motivation and well-being in competitive athletes: A test of the Self-determination theory. Revista de psicología del deporte, 17(1), 123-39.
6. Bartholomew, K., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Psychological need thwarting in the sport context: Assessing the darker side of athletic experience. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(1), 75-102.
7. Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., Yu, T. H., & Jang, H. R. (2014). The teacher benefits from giving autonomy support during physical education instruction. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 36(4), 331-46.
8. Deci, E. L., La Guardia, J. G., Moller, A. C., Scheiner, M. J., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support: Mutuality in close friendships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(3), 313-27.
9. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-68.
10. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains.CanadianPsychology/ Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 14-23.
11. Duda, J., Balaguer, I., Jowett, S., & Lavallee, D. (2007). Coach-created motivational climate. In S. Jowett & D.
Lavalle (Eds.), Social psychology in sport (pp. 117–130). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
12. Duda, J. L. (2001). Achievement goal research in sport: Pushing the boundaries and clarifying some misunderstandings. Advances in Motivation in Sport and Exercise, 129, 82.
13. Egli, T., Bland, H. W., Melton, B. F., & Czech, D. R. (2011). Influence of age, sex, and race on college students’ exercise motivation of physical activity. Journal of American College Health, 59(5), 399-406.
14. Giges, B., Petitpas, A. J., & Vernacchia, R. A. (2004). Helping coaches meet their own needs: Challenges for the sport psychology consultant. Sport Psychologist, 18(4), 430-44.
15. Gill, D. L., Gross, J. B., & Huddleston, S. (1983). Participation motivation in youth sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 14(1), 1-14.
16. Hollembeak, J., & Amorose, A. J. (2005). Perceived coaching behaviors and college athletes' intrinsic motivation: A test of self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(1), 20-36.
17. Iannotti, R. J., Chen, R., Kololo, H., Petronyte, G., Haug, E., & Roberts, C. (2013). Motivations for adolescent participation in leisure-time physical activity: International differences. Journal of Physiology Acta Health, 10(1), 106-12.
18. Kilpatrick, M., Hebert, E., & Bartholomew, J. (2005). College students' motivation for physical activity: differentiating men's and women's motives for sport participation and exercise. Journal of American College Health, 54(2), 87-94.
19. Kondric, M., Sindik, J., Furjan-Mandic, G., & Schiefler, B. (2013). Participation motivation and student’s physical activity among sport students in three countries. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 12(1), 10-8.
20. Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach–athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sports Science, 21(11), 883-904.
21. Mazyari, M., Kashef, S. M., & SeyedAmeri, M. H. (2014). Canonical correlation of the relationship between social support and students’ lack of motivation in physical education activities. Journal of Sport Management & Developement, 1(4), 117-34. (In Persian).
22. McLean, K. N., Mallett, C. J., & Newcombe, P. (2012). Assessing coach motivation: The development of the Coach Motivation Questionnaire (CMQ). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(2), 184-207.
23. Nicholls, J.G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24. Parsamhr, M., Eskandari Fard, A. M., Nick Nejad, M., & Ghorbanzadeh saffron, S. G. (2013). Motivations related to participation in physical education among high school students (based on the theory of competence). Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 9(17), 105-16. (In Persian).
25. Pelletier, L. G., Séguin-Lévesque, C., & Legault, L. (2002). Pressure from above and pressure from below as determinants of teachers' motivation and teaching behaviors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(1), 186-96.
26. Piri, M., Ahar, S., & Mahmudi, A. (2015). The comparison of gender differences in athletic students’ sports participation motivation. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation, 8(29), 109-23. (In Persian).
27. Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 419-35.
28. Rocchi, M. A., Pelletier, L. G., & Couture, A. L. (2013). Determinants of coach motivation and autonomy supportive coaching behaviours. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(6), 852-9.
29. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
30. Salari, K., & Badami, R. (2014). The relationship between social support from physical education teachers and students’ achievement motivation in sport activities. Study of Sport Psychology, 8, 49-58. (In Persian)
31. Sarrazin, P., Vallerand, R., Guillet, E., Pelletier, L., & Cury, F. (2002). Motivation and dropout in female handballers: A 21th month prospective study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(3), 395-418.
32. Shafizadeh, M. (2006). Validity and reliability of motivation to participate in sports activities questionnaire. Research in Sport Science, 14, 15-32. (In Persian).
33. Solstad, B. E., van Hoye, A., & Ommundsen, Y. (2015). Social-contextual and intrapersonal antecedents of coaches' basic need satisfaction: The intervening variable effect of providing autonomy-supportive coaching. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 20, 84-93.
34. Stebbings, J., Taylor, I. M., & Spray, C. M. (2011). Antecedents of perceived coach autonomy supportive and controlling behaviors: Coach psychological need satisfaction and well-being. Journal of Sport & Exercise, 33, 255-72.
2. Adie, J. W., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2008). Autonomy support, basic need satisfaction and the optimal functioning of adult male and female sport participants: A test of basic needs theory. Motivation and Emotion, 32(3), 189-99.
3. Alvarez, M. S., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., & Duda, J. L. (2012). The coach-created motivational climate, young athletes’ well-being, and intentions to continue participation. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 6(2), 166-79.
4. Amorose, A. J., & Anderson-Butcher, D. (2007). Autonomy-supportive coaching and self-determined motivation in high school and college athletes: A test of self-determination theory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 654-70.
5. Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., & Duda, J. L. (2008). Autonomy support, needs satisfaction, motivation and well-being in competitive athletes: A test of the Self-determination theory. Revista de psicología del deporte, 17(1), 123-39.
6. Bartholomew, K., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Psychological need thwarting in the sport context: Assessing the darker side of athletic experience. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(1), 75-102.
7. Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., Yu, T. H., & Jang, H. R. (2014). The teacher benefits from giving autonomy support during physical education instruction. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 36(4), 331-46.
8. Deci, E. L., La Guardia, J. G., Moller, A. C., Scheiner, M. J., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support: Mutuality in close friendships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(3), 313-27.
9. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-68.
10. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains.CanadianPsychology/ Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 14-23.
11. Duda, J., Balaguer, I., Jowett, S., & Lavallee, D. (2007). Coach-created motivational climate. In S. Jowett & D.
Lavalle (Eds.), Social psychology in sport (pp. 117–130). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
12. Duda, J. L. (2001). Achievement goal research in sport: Pushing the boundaries and clarifying some misunderstandings. Advances in Motivation in Sport and Exercise, 129, 82.
13. Egli, T., Bland, H. W., Melton, B. F., & Czech, D. R. (2011). Influence of age, sex, and race on college students’ exercise motivation of physical activity. Journal of American College Health, 59(5), 399-406.
14. Giges, B., Petitpas, A. J., & Vernacchia, R. A. (2004). Helping coaches meet their own needs: Challenges for the sport psychology consultant. Sport Psychologist, 18(4), 430-44.
15. Gill, D. L., Gross, J. B., & Huddleston, S. (1983). Participation motivation in youth sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 14(1), 1-14.
16. Hollembeak, J., & Amorose, A. J. (2005). Perceived coaching behaviors and college athletes' intrinsic motivation: A test of self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(1), 20-36.
17. Iannotti, R. J., Chen, R., Kololo, H., Petronyte, G., Haug, E., & Roberts, C. (2013). Motivations for adolescent participation in leisure-time physical activity: International differences. Journal of Physiology Acta Health, 10(1), 106-12.
18. Kilpatrick, M., Hebert, E., & Bartholomew, J. (2005). College students' motivation for physical activity: differentiating men's and women's motives for sport participation and exercise. Journal of American College Health, 54(2), 87-94.
19. Kondric, M., Sindik, J., Furjan-Mandic, G., & Schiefler, B. (2013). Participation motivation and student’s physical activity among sport students in three countries. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 12(1), 10-8.
20. Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach–athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sports Science, 21(11), 883-904.
21. Mazyari, M., Kashef, S. M., & SeyedAmeri, M. H. (2014). Canonical correlation of the relationship between social support and students’ lack of motivation in physical education activities. Journal of Sport Management & Developement, 1(4), 117-34. (In Persian).
22. McLean, K. N., Mallett, C. J., & Newcombe, P. (2012). Assessing coach motivation: The development of the Coach Motivation Questionnaire (CMQ). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(2), 184-207.
23. Nicholls, J.G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24. Parsamhr, M., Eskandari Fard, A. M., Nick Nejad, M., & Ghorbanzadeh saffron, S. G. (2013). Motivations related to participation in physical education among high school students (based on the theory of competence). Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 9(17), 105-16. (In Persian).
25. Pelletier, L. G., Séguin-Lévesque, C., & Legault, L. (2002). Pressure from above and pressure from below as determinants of teachers' motivation and teaching behaviors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(1), 186-96.
26. Piri, M., Ahar, S., & Mahmudi, A. (2015). The comparison of gender differences in athletic students’ sports participation motivation. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation, 8(29), 109-23. (In Persian).
27. Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 419-35.
28. Rocchi, M. A., Pelletier, L. G., & Couture, A. L. (2013). Determinants of coach motivation and autonomy supportive coaching behaviours. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(6), 852-9.
29. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
30. Salari, K., & Badami, R. (2014). The relationship between social support from physical education teachers and students’ achievement motivation in sport activities. Study of Sport Psychology, 8, 49-58. (In Persian)
31. Sarrazin, P., Vallerand, R., Guillet, E., Pelletier, L., & Cury, F. (2002). Motivation and dropout in female handballers: A 21th month prospective study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(3), 395-418.
32. Shafizadeh, M. (2006). Validity and reliability of motivation to participate in sports activities questionnaire. Research in Sport Science, 14, 15-32. (In Persian).
33. Solstad, B. E., van Hoye, A., & Ommundsen, Y. (2015). Social-contextual and intrapersonal antecedents of coaches' basic need satisfaction: The intervening variable effect of providing autonomy-supportive coaching. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 20, 84-93.
34. Stebbings, J., Taylor, I. M., & Spray, C. M. (2011). Antecedents of perceived coach autonomy supportive and controlling behaviors: Coach psychological need satisfaction and well-being. Journal of Sport & Exercise, 33, 255-72.
35. Vazou, S., Toumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2006). Predicting young athletes' motivational indices as a function of their perceptions of the coach-and peer-created climate. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(2), 215-33.
36. Verstuyf, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., Boone, L., & Mouratidis, A. (2013). Daily ups and downs in women's binge eating symptoms: The role of basic psychological needs, general self-control, and emotional eating. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(3), 335-61.
37. Yavary, N. Narmanji, F. (2015). Psychological test in sport science and train. Tehran, Bamdad Ketab, (1nd Ed, 44-7). (In Persian)
38. Zhang, T., Solmon, M. A., Kosma, M., Carson, R. L., & GU, X. (2011). Need support, need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and physical activity participation among middle school students. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 30(1), 51-68.
36. Verstuyf, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., Boone, L., & Mouratidis, A. (2013). Daily ups and downs in women's binge eating symptoms: The role of basic psychological needs, general self-control, and emotional eating. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(3), 335-61.
37. Yavary, N. Narmanji, F. (2015). Psychological test in sport science and train. Tehran, Bamdad Ketab, (1nd Ed, 44-7). (In Persian)
38. Zhang, T., Solmon, M. A., Kosma, M., Carson, R. L., & GU, X. (2011). Need support, need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and physical activity participation among middle school students. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 30(1), 51-68.
)