Document Type : Original research study
Authors
1 motor behavior department, sport sciences faculty, kharazmi university, Tehran, iran
2 motor behavior department, sport sciences faculty. shahid rajaee teacher training university,
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of imagery perspectives with real time and slow motion speeds on dart throw skill learning. 40 students (22.7 ± 1.55 age) of Kharazmi University completed Motor Imagery Clearance Questionnaire -2 and based on imagery and pre-test scores were assigned into four groups: internal imagery with slow motion speed, internal imagery with real time speed, external imagery with slow motion speed, and external imagery with real time speed. Results showed that the internal and external imagery perspectives with slow motion and real time speeds had not significant effects on performance and learning participants. Also, at all stages of experiment, there were no significant differences among four experimental groups in dart throwing skill. Therefore, the different speeds of imagery with an emphasis on imagery perspectives did not lead to significant differences between groups.
Keywords
1. Hall, C.R., Mack, D.E., Paivio, A., & Hausenblas, H. (1998). Imagery use by athletes: development of the sport imagery questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 23, 1-17.
2. Reilly T., Gilbourne D. (2003). Science and football: a review of applied research in the football codes. J Sports Sci, 21(9): 693-705.
3. Guillot, A., & Collet, C. (2008). "Construction of the motor imagery integrative model in sport: A review and theoretical investigation of motor imagery use". International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, PP: 32-44.
4. Weinberg, R. (2008). Does imagery work? Effects on performance and mental skills. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 3 (1), 1-21.
5. Guillot, A., Hoyek, N., Louis, M., and Collet, C. (2012). Understanding the timing of motor imagery: recent findings and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 5, 3–22. doi: 10.
6. Holmes, P.S. & Collins, D.J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 60-83.
7. Calmels, C., Holmes, P., Lopez, E., & Naman, V. (2006). Chronometric comparision of actual and imaged complex movement patterns. Journal of Motor Behavior, 38, PP: 339-348.
8. Grèzes, J., & Decety, J. (2001). Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, and verb generation of actions: A meta-analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 12, 1-19.
9. Decety, J., & Grkzes, J. (1999). Neural mechanisms subserving the perception of human actions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 172-178.
10. Syer, J. & Connolly, C. (1984). Sporting body sporting mind. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: The Press Syndicate.
11. Vealey, R.S. & Greenleaf, C.A. (2006). Seeing is believing: Understanding and using imagery in sport. In Williams, J.M. (Ed.). Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance (pp. 306-348). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
12. Forlenza, S. (2010). Imagery Speed, Task Difficulty, And Self-Eefficacy: How Fast (or Slow) To Go? A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Kinesiology and Health.
13. Beilock, S.L., Gonso, S. (2008). Putting in the mind versus putting on the green: Expertise, performance time, and the linking of imagery and action. The quarterly journal of experimental psychology. iFirst, 1–13.
14. Zamani Sani, S.H., Farsi, A., Abdoli, B. (2013). Effect of different speeds of motor mental imagery on performance. J Res Rehabil Sci, 9(7), 1189-1199. In persian
15. Boschker, M.S.J., Bakker, F.C., & Rietberg, M.B. (2000). Retroactive interference effects on mentally imagined movement speed. Journal of Sport Sciences, 18, 593-603.
16. Louis, M., Guillot, A., Maton, S., Doyon, J., & Collet, C. (2008). Effect of imagined movement speed on subsequent motor performance. Journal of Motor Behavior, 40, 117-132.
17. Fathizadeh, A., Mohammadzadeh Jahatlo, H. (2013). The Effect of Imagery Speed of a New Motor Task on Performance Duration. Development and motor learning, 5(4), 125-145. In persian
18. Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A.P. (2005). Imagery in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
19. Mahoney, M.J., & Avener, M. (1977). Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3, 361-366.
20. Wang, Y. & Morgan, W.P. (1992). The effect of imagery perspectives on the psychophysiological responses to imagined exercise. Behavioral Brain Research, 52 (11), 167-174.
21. Hardy, L., & Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 95-112.
22. Mumford, B. & Hall, C. (1985). The effects of internal and external imagery on performing figures in figure skating. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10(4), 171-177.
23. Gordon, S., Weinberg, R., & Jackson, A. (1994). Effect of internal and external imagery on cricket performance. Journal of Sport Behavior, 17(1), 60-75.
24. Tahmasbi, F., Aslankhani, M.A., Namazizadeh, M. (2009). The effects of focus of attention and external and internal imagery on acquisition and retention of dart throwing skill. Research on sport sciences, 25, 116-125. In persian
25. Farrer, C., & Frith, C.D. (2002). Experiencing oneself vs. another person as being the cause of an action: The neural correlates of the experience of agency. NeuroImage, 15, 596–603.
26. Fourkas, A.D., Avenanti, A., Urgesi, C., & Aglioti, S.M. (2006). Corticospinal facilitation during first and third person imagery. Experimental Brain Research, 168, 143–151.
27. O, J. & Hall, C. (2009). A quantitative analysis of athletes’ voluntary use of slow motion, real time, and fast motion images. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 15-30.
28. Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D., & Bringer, J. (2008). Movement imagery ability: Development an assessment imagery of revised version of the vividness imagery questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 200-221.
29. Rostami Haji Abadi, M., Rahnama, N., Sohrabi, M., Khayambashi, Kh., Bambaeechi, E., Mojtahedi, H. (2011). Determine of validity and reliability of Persian version of Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2. Olympic, 54, 129-139. In persian
30. Huggins-Sullivan, S. (2012). Does Internal Mental Imagery Help Maintain Muscle Strength and Force Steadiness During Immobilization? A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science.
31. http://www.irandarts.net/index.php/articles/4-part1-3.
32. Heremans, E., Helsen, W.F., De Poel, H.J., Alaerts, K., Meyns, P., & Feys, P. (2009). Facilitation of motor imagery through movement-related cueing. Brain Research, 1278, 50-58.
33. O, J., & Munroe-Chandler, K.J. (2008). The effects of image speed on the performance of a soccer task. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 1-17.
34. Guillot, A., Louis, M., & Collet, C. (2009). Neural mechanisms for expertise in mental imagery. Cognitive Sciences, 4, 31-48.
35. Lotze, M., Scheler, G., Tan, H.R.M., Braun, C., & Birbaumer, N. (2003). The musician’s brain: Functional imaging of amateurs and professionals during performance and imagery. NeuroImage, 20, 1817-1829.
36. Milton, J., Small, S.L., & Solodkin, A. (2008). Imaging motor imagery: Methodological issues related to expertise. Methods, 45, 336-341.
37. Ross, J.S., Tkach, J., Ruggieri, P.M., Lieber, M., & Lapresto, E. (2003). The mind’s eye: Functional MR imaging of golf motor imagery. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 24, 1036-1044.
38. Debarnot, U., Louis, M., Collet, C., & Guillot, A. (2011). How does motor imagery speed affect motor performance times? Evaluating the effects of task specificity. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 536-540.
39. Fery, Y.A. (2003). Differentiating visual and kinesthetic imagery in mental practice. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 1-10.
40. Smith, D., Wakefield, C. (2013). A timely review of a key aspect of motor imagery: a commentary on Guillot et al. (2012). Human Neuroscience, 761, 1-4.
41. Feltz, D.L., & Landers, D.M. (1983). The effects of mental practice on motor skill learning and performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 25-27.
42. Driskell, J.E., Copper, C., & Moran, A. (1994). Does mental practice enhance performance? Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 481-492.
2. Reilly T., Gilbourne D. (2003). Science and football: a review of applied research in the football codes. J Sports Sci, 21(9): 693-705.
3. Guillot, A., & Collet, C. (2008). "Construction of the motor imagery integrative model in sport: A review and theoretical investigation of motor imagery use". International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, PP: 32-44.
4. Weinberg, R. (2008). Does imagery work? Effects on performance and mental skills. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 3 (1), 1-21.
5. Guillot, A., Hoyek, N., Louis, M., and Collet, C. (2012). Understanding the timing of motor imagery: recent findings and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 5, 3–22. doi: 10.
6. Holmes, P.S. & Collins, D.J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 60-83.
7. Calmels, C., Holmes, P., Lopez, E., & Naman, V. (2006). Chronometric comparision of actual and imaged complex movement patterns. Journal of Motor Behavior, 38, PP: 339-348.
8. Grèzes, J., & Decety, J. (2001). Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, and verb generation of actions: A meta-analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 12, 1-19.
9. Decety, J., & Grkzes, J. (1999). Neural mechanisms subserving the perception of human actions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 172-178.
10. Syer, J. & Connolly, C. (1984). Sporting body sporting mind. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: The Press Syndicate.
11. Vealey, R.S. & Greenleaf, C.A. (2006). Seeing is believing: Understanding and using imagery in sport. In Williams, J.M. (Ed.). Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance (pp. 306-348). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
12. Forlenza, S. (2010). Imagery Speed, Task Difficulty, And Self-Eefficacy: How Fast (or Slow) To Go? A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Kinesiology and Health.
13. Beilock, S.L., Gonso, S. (2008). Putting in the mind versus putting on the green: Expertise, performance time, and the linking of imagery and action. The quarterly journal of experimental psychology. iFirst, 1–13.
14. Zamani Sani, S.H., Farsi, A., Abdoli, B. (2013). Effect of different speeds of motor mental imagery on performance. J Res Rehabil Sci, 9(7), 1189-1199. In persian
15. Boschker, M.S.J., Bakker, F.C., & Rietberg, M.B. (2000). Retroactive interference effects on mentally imagined movement speed. Journal of Sport Sciences, 18, 593-603.
16. Louis, M., Guillot, A., Maton, S., Doyon, J., & Collet, C. (2008). Effect of imagined movement speed on subsequent motor performance. Journal of Motor Behavior, 40, 117-132.
17. Fathizadeh, A., Mohammadzadeh Jahatlo, H. (2013). The Effect of Imagery Speed of a New Motor Task on Performance Duration. Development and motor learning, 5(4), 125-145. In persian
18. Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A.P. (2005). Imagery in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
19. Mahoney, M.J., & Avener, M. (1977). Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3, 361-366.
20. Wang, Y. & Morgan, W.P. (1992). The effect of imagery perspectives on the psychophysiological responses to imagined exercise. Behavioral Brain Research, 52 (11), 167-174.
21. Hardy, L., & Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 95-112.
22. Mumford, B. & Hall, C. (1985). The effects of internal and external imagery on performing figures in figure skating. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10(4), 171-177.
23. Gordon, S., Weinberg, R., & Jackson, A. (1994). Effect of internal and external imagery on cricket performance. Journal of Sport Behavior, 17(1), 60-75.
24. Tahmasbi, F., Aslankhani, M.A., Namazizadeh, M. (2009). The effects of focus of attention and external and internal imagery on acquisition and retention of dart throwing skill. Research on sport sciences, 25, 116-125. In persian
25. Farrer, C., & Frith, C.D. (2002). Experiencing oneself vs. another person as being the cause of an action: The neural correlates of the experience of agency. NeuroImage, 15, 596–603.
26. Fourkas, A.D., Avenanti, A., Urgesi, C., & Aglioti, S.M. (2006). Corticospinal facilitation during first and third person imagery. Experimental Brain Research, 168, 143–151.
27. O, J. & Hall, C. (2009). A quantitative analysis of athletes’ voluntary use of slow motion, real time, and fast motion images. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 15-30.
28. Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D., & Bringer, J. (2008). Movement imagery ability: Development an assessment imagery of revised version of the vividness imagery questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 200-221.
29. Rostami Haji Abadi, M., Rahnama, N., Sohrabi, M., Khayambashi, Kh., Bambaeechi, E., Mojtahedi, H. (2011). Determine of validity and reliability of Persian version of Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2. Olympic, 54, 129-139. In persian
30. Huggins-Sullivan, S. (2012). Does Internal Mental Imagery Help Maintain Muscle Strength and Force Steadiness During Immobilization? A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science.
31. http://www.irandarts.net/index.php/articles/4-part1-3.
32. Heremans, E., Helsen, W.F., De Poel, H.J., Alaerts, K., Meyns, P., & Feys, P. (2009). Facilitation of motor imagery through movement-related cueing. Brain Research, 1278, 50-58.
33. O, J., & Munroe-Chandler, K.J. (2008). The effects of image speed on the performance of a soccer task. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 1-17.
34. Guillot, A., Louis, M., & Collet, C. (2009). Neural mechanisms for expertise in mental imagery. Cognitive Sciences, 4, 31-48.
35. Lotze, M., Scheler, G., Tan, H.R.M., Braun, C., & Birbaumer, N. (2003). The musician’s brain: Functional imaging of amateurs and professionals during performance and imagery. NeuroImage, 20, 1817-1829.
36. Milton, J., Small, S.L., & Solodkin, A. (2008). Imaging motor imagery: Methodological issues related to expertise. Methods, 45, 336-341.
37. Ross, J.S., Tkach, J., Ruggieri, P.M., Lieber, M., & Lapresto, E. (2003). The mind’s eye: Functional MR imaging of golf motor imagery. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 24, 1036-1044.
38. Debarnot, U., Louis, M., Collet, C., & Guillot, A. (2011). How does motor imagery speed affect motor performance times? Evaluating the effects of task specificity. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 536-540.
39. Fery, Y.A. (2003). Differentiating visual and kinesthetic imagery in mental practice. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 1-10.
40. Smith, D., Wakefield, C. (2013). A timely review of a key aspect of motor imagery: a commentary on Guillot et al. (2012). Human Neuroscience, 761, 1-4.
41. Feltz, D.L., & Landers, D.M. (1983). The effects of mental practice on motor skill learning and performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 25-27.
42. Driskell, J.E., Copper, C., & Moran, A. (1994). Does mental practice enhance performance? Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 481-492.
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