Document Type : Original research study
Authors
1 Department of Sport science, Sport psychology, Allameh Tabatab'i university, Tehran, Iran
2 Departement of sport science, Sport psychology, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of physiology, the faculty of sport science and physical education, Allameh Tabatabaii university, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the dark triad traits on happiness and mental toughness among athletes of contact and non-contact sports, and non-athletes. 200 Taekwondo and Gymnastic athletes were selected by federation and 100 non-athletes conveniently, and completed the online questionnaires. Data was analyzed using Structural Equation Model. The results showed that narcissism had no effects on happiness of contact and non-contact sports athletes, and non-athletes; but Machiavellianism trait had significant and negative effect on happiness of non-contact sports athletes, and had no effect in athletes of contact sports and non-athletes. Besides, the happiness of three groups had significant and positive effect on three dimensions of mental toughness (Commitment, Control and Competitive Behavior). It is suggested that the sport psychologist and coaches have to pay attention to these athlete’s traits.
Keywords
- Machiavellianism
- Happiness
- Commitment
- Control
- Competitive Behavior
- Contact Sports
- Non-Contact Sports
Main Subjects
1. Abdollahi, A., Abu Talib, M., Yacob, S. N., & Ismail, Z. (2014). Hardiness as a mediator between perceived stress and happiness in nurses. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(9), 789-796.
2. Aghababaei, N., & Blachnio, A. (2015) Well-being and the dark triad. Personality and Individual Differences. 86, 365-368.
3. Altman, T. (2017). Structure, validity, and development of a brief version of the narcissistic inventory-revised and its relation to current measures of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 207-214.
4. Atari, M., & Chegeni, R, (2016). Assesment of dark personalities in Iran: Psychometric evaluation of the Farsi translation of the Short Dark Triad (SD3-F). Personality and Individual Difference, 102: 111-117.
5. Atari, M., & Chegeni, R. (2016). Dark but not black: A reply to Zarei, Ghorbani, and Gharibi. Germination of Psychology, 5(15). (In Persian).
6. Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. Recent Advances in Social Psychology, 10(5)189-203. North-Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
7. Argyle, M. (1987). The psychology of happiness. London, UK: Methuen.
8. Besharat, M., Ghahremani, M., & Givi, B. (2014). The role of self-regulation and impulsivity prediction in sport achievement: The comparison of contact and non-contact sports. Motor Behavior Journal, 18, 131-146. (In Persian).
9. Brand, S., Kalak, N., Gerber, M., Clough, P. J., Lemola, S., Puhse, U., & Holsboer-Trachsler, E. (2016). During early and mid-adolescence, greater mental toughness is related to increased sleep quality and quality of life. Journal of Health Psychology, 21 (6): 905-15.
10. Baughman, H. M., Dearing, S., Giammarco, E. E., & Vernon, P. A. (2012). Relationships between bullying behaviors and the drak triad: A study with adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 571-575.
11. Carton, H., & Egan, V. (2016). The dark triad and intimate partner violence. Personlity and Individual Differences, 105(4): 84-88.
12. Coulter, T. J., Mallett, C. J., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2010). Understanding mental toughness in Australian soccer: Perceptions of players, parents, and coaches. Journal of Sports Science, 28(7), 699–716.
13. Christie, R., & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
14. Carlson, E. N., Vazire, S., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2011). You probably think this paper's about you: Narcissists' perceptions of their personality and reputation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 185-201., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 185-201.285.
15. Egan, V., Chan, S., & Shorter, G. W. (2014). The Dark Triad, happiness and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences. 67(17-22).
16. Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013) the dark triad of personality: A 10-year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 199-216.
17. Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Hamzavy, F., & Weathington, B. L. (2010). Self-knowledge and narcissism in Iranians: Relationships with empathy and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 29(2), 135-143.
18. Ghomrani, A., Samadi, M., Taghinejad, M., & Shamsi, A. (2015). The study of the validity and reliability of dark personality scale in students. Journal of Psychological Models and Methods, 6(20), 112-118. (In Persian).
19. Gucciaardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2008). Towards anunderstanding of mental toughness inAustralian football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 261-281
20. Goleman, D. (2006). Emotional intelligence: The new science of human relationships, dark triad chapter (Gh. Khanghaei, Translator). Tehran: Noandish. (In Persian).
21. Hatami, F., Hatami Shahmir, E., Adibpur, N., & Tahmasebi, F. (2012). The relationships between mental toughness and physical fitness in female students. Sport Psychology Researches, 2, 53-64. (In Persian).
22. Hoseini, J., Mahdavi Nesyani, Z., Hashemi, Sh., & Abbasi, Sh. (2015). Examinig the relationship of cognitive flexibility and mental toughness with happiness and job exhaustion among family provider employed women. Sport Psychology Researches. 3(4): 56-65 (In Persian).
23. Jung, K. (2016). Happiness as an additional antecedent of schadenfreude. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 1(2): 186-196.
24. Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011). The role of impulsivity in the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 679–682.
25. Figueredo, A. J. (2013). The core of darkness: Uncovering the heart of the dark triad. European Journal of Personality, 27, 521-531.
26. Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In M. R. Leary, & R. H. Hoyle (Eds), Handbook of Individual differences in social behavior (pp. 93-108). New York: Guilford.
27. Jonason, P. K., Lyons, M., Bethell, E. J., & Ross, R. (2013). Different routes to limited empathy in the sexes: Examining the links between the dark triad and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5), 572-576.
28. Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 420–432.
29. Jalloh, A. (2014). Measuring happiness: Examining definitions and instruments. A Student Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 12(1), 5-67.
30. Karami, J., Sharifi, Kh. & Bashlideh, K. (2009). Examining the relationship of family performance with psychological mental toughness in high school students of Kermanshah city. The Journal of Psychological Discoveries. 4(16), 167-188.
31. Keramati, M. R. (2014). A comparison of health-related quality of life and job satisfaction in physically active and sedentary faculty members. International Journal of Applied Sciences, 1(2), 68-77.
32. Kobasa, S.C. (1982) the Hardy Personality: Toward a Social Psychology of Stress and Health. In: Sanders, G.S. and Suls, J., Eds., Social Psychology of Health and Illness, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Hillsdale, 1-25.
33. Erbium, A, & Kobasa, S. (1979). Strssful life events, Personality, and health: Aninquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and socialpsychology, 37, 1-11.
34. Moteshareyi, E., Farokhi, A., & Kashani, V. (2016). The comparison of mental toughness of women and men athletes in contact and no-contact sports. Motor Behavior Journal, 3(8): 71-86 (In Persian).
35. Mellalieu, Sh, & Hanton, Sh. (2009). Advances in applied sport psychology: A review.
36. Malekian, A., Mohammadi Biabri, S., Fattahi, J., & Safari, A. (2015). The Comparison of athlete and non-athlete student’s happiness of Kermanshah City. J Managment Science, 1(1), 11-15.
37. Miller, J. D., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., & Campbell, W. K. (2013). Grandiose and vulnerable Narcissism and the DSM–5 pathological personality trait model. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 284–290.
38. Naami, A., Smaeeli Far, N., & Pourmahdi, A. (2014) Prediction of student’s happiness based on the components of their socioeconomic status. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioural Research. 3(1): 61-74.
39. Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Measuring dark personalities. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 112-120). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
40. Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563.
41. Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1197-1202.
42. Ramezani, S. G., & Gholtash, A. (2015). The relationship between happiness, self-control and locus of control. International Journal of Educational Pschological Research, 1(2): 100-104.
43. Rauthmann, J. F. (2012). The dark triad and interpersonal perception: Similarities and differences in the social consequences of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 487-496.
44. Salahshoor, B. B. (2014). The study of demographic and personality traits affecting the happiness among university students. Resource Assessment Managmentt Technology Paper, 40(3), 643-468.
45. Sangeeta, V., & Chetan, S. V. (2015). Happiness and peer pleasure among adolescent. Indian Journal of Psychology, 6(1), 103-105.
46. Sabouri, S., Gerber, M., Bahmani, D., Lemola, S., Clough, P. J., Kalak, N., & Brand, S. (2016). Examining dark triad traits in relation to mental toughness and physical activity in young adults, Journal of Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 1(1), 1-3.
47. Sheard, M., Golby, J., & Van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress towards construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 186-193.
48. Tarahi, M., & Nasirian, M. (2017). Happiness and risk behaviours in freshman students of Khorramabad universities: The first phase of a longitudinal study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry Behavioural Science, 3(4): 72-79. (In Persian)
49. Toering, T. T., Elferink Gemser, M. T., Jordet, G., & Visscher, C. (2009). Self-regulation and performance level of elite and non-elite youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1509-1517.
50. Veselka, L., & Vernon, P. A. (2014). Introduction to the special issue on the dark triad and related traits. Personality Individual Journal. 4(3): 100-107.
51. Wayne Leach, C., Spears, R., Nyla, R., & Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: Schadenfreude at the suffering of another Group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5): 932-43.
52. Willie, F., Elman, S, Mckelvie, J (2003). Narcissism in Football players: Stereotype or reality? The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 5(1): 38-46.
53. Yavari, Y. (2014). Comparison of Narcissism and beliefs about appearance among elite and amateur body builder. The Journal of Psychology Reaserchs, 7, 49-62.
54. Zardoshtian, Sh., Ahmadi, B., & Azadi, A. (2012). The relation of autonomy-supportive behaviors of coaches with self-determined motivation and sport commitment of elite female players in Handball League. Research in Sport Management & Motor Behavior, 2(3), 150-167. (In Persian).
55. Zareei, A., Ghorbani, N., & Gharibi, H. R. (2016). Dark triad: Maladaptive personality structures detected in last century of scientific psychology. Journal of Germination Psychology, 5(14), 123-30.
2. Aghababaei, N., & Blachnio, A. (2015) Well-being and the dark triad. Personality and Individual Differences. 86, 365-368.
3. Altman, T. (2017). Structure, validity, and development of a brief version of the narcissistic inventory-revised and its relation to current measures of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 207-214.
4. Atari, M., & Chegeni, R, (2016). Assesment of dark personalities in Iran: Psychometric evaluation of the Farsi translation of the Short Dark Triad (SD3-F). Personality and Individual Difference, 102: 111-117.
5. Atari, M., & Chegeni, R. (2016). Dark but not black: A reply to Zarei, Ghorbani, and Gharibi. Germination of Psychology, 5(15). (In Persian).
6. Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. Recent Advances in Social Psychology, 10(5)189-203. North-Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
7. Argyle, M. (1987). The psychology of happiness. London, UK: Methuen.
8. Besharat, M., Ghahremani, M., & Givi, B. (2014). The role of self-regulation and impulsivity prediction in sport achievement: The comparison of contact and non-contact sports. Motor Behavior Journal, 18, 131-146. (In Persian).
9. Brand, S., Kalak, N., Gerber, M., Clough, P. J., Lemola, S., Puhse, U., & Holsboer-Trachsler, E. (2016). During early and mid-adolescence, greater mental toughness is related to increased sleep quality and quality of life. Journal of Health Psychology, 21 (6): 905-15.
10. Baughman, H. M., Dearing, S., Giammarco, E. E., & Vernon, P. A. (2012). Relationships between bullying behaviors and the drak triad: A study with adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 571-575.
11. Carton, H., & Egan, V. (2016). The dark triad and intimate partner violence. Personlity and Individual Differences, 105(4): 84-88.
12. Coulter, T. J., Mallett, C. J., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2010). Understanding mental toughness in Australian soccer: Perceptions of players, parents, and coaches. Journal of Sports Science, 28(7), 699–716.
13. Christie, R., & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
14. Carlson, E. N., Vazire, S., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2011). You probably think this paper's about you: Narcissists' perceptions of their personality and reputation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 185-201., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 185-201.285.
15. Egan, V., Chan, S., & Shorter, G. W. (2014). The Dark Triad, happiness and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences. 67(17-22).
16. Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013) the dark triad of personality: A 10-year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 199-216.
17. Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Hamzavy, F., & Weathington, B. L. (2010). Self-knowledge and narcissism in Iranians: Relationships with empathy and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 29(2), 135-143.
18. Ghomrani, A., Samadi, M., Taghinejad, M., & Shamsi, A. (2015). The study of the validity and reliability of dark personality scale in students. Journal of Psychological Models and Methods, 6(20), 112-118. (In Persian).
19. Gucciaardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2008). Towards anunderstanding of mental toughness inAustralian football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 261-281
20. Goleman, D. (2006). Emotional intelligence: The new science of human relationships, dark triad chapter (Gh. Khanghaei, Translator). Tehran: Noandish. (In Persian).
21. Hatami, F., Hatami Shahmir, E., Adibpur, N., & Tahmasebi, F. (2012). The relationships between mental toughness and physical fitness in female students. Sport Psychology Researches, 2, 53-64. (In Persian).
22. Hoseini, J., Mahdavi Nesyani, Z., Hashemi, Sh., & Abbasi, Sh. (2015). Examinig the relationship of cognitive flexibility and mental toughness with happiness and job exhaustion among family provider employed women. Sport Psychology Researches. 3(4): 56-65 (In Persian).
23. Jung, K. (2016). Happiness as an additional antecedent of schadenfreude. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 1(2): 186-196.
24. Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011). The role of impulsivity in the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 679–682.
25. Figueredo, A. J. (2013). The core of darkness: Uncovering the heart of the dark triad. European Journal of Personality, 27, 521-531.
26. Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In M. R. Leary, & R. H. Hoyle (Eds), Handbook of Individual differences in social behavior (pp. 93-108). New York: Guilford.
27. Jonason, P. K., Lyons, M., Bethell, E. J., & Ross, R. (2013). Different routes to limited empathy in the sexes: Examining the links between the dark triad and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5), 572-576.
28. Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 420–432.
29. Jalloh, A. (2014). Measuring happiness: Examining definitions and instruments. A Student Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 12(1), 5-67.
30. Karami, J., Sharifi, Kh. & Bashlideh, K. (2009). Examining the relationship of family performance with psychological mental toughness in high school students of Kermanshah city. The Journal of Psychological Discoveries. 4(16), 167-188.
31. Keramati, M. R. (2014). A comparison of health-related quality of life and job satisfaction in physically active and sedentary faculty members. International Journal of Applied Sciences, 1(2), 68-77.
32. Kobasa, S.C. (1982) the Hardy Personality: Toward a Social Psychology of Stress and Health. In: Sanders, G.S. and Suls, J., Eds., Social Psychology of Health and Illness, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Hillsdale, 1-25.
33. Erbium, A, & Kobasa, S. (1979). Strssful life events, Personality, and health: Aninquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and socialpsychology, 37, 1-11.
34. Moteshareyi, E., Farokhi, A., & Kashani, V. (2016). The comparison of mental toughness of women and men athletes in contact and no-contact sports. Motor Behavior Journal, 3(8): 71-86 (In Persian).
35. Mellalieu, Sh, & Hanton, Sh. (2009). Advances in applied sport psychology: A review.
36. Malekian, A., Mohammadi Biabri, S., Fattahi, J., & Safari, A. (2015). The Comparison of athlete and non-athlete student’s happiness of Kermanshah City. J Managment Science, 1(1), 11-15.
37. Miller, J. D., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., & Campbell, W. K. (2013). Grandiose and vulnerable Narcissism and the DSM–5 pathological personality trait model. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 284–290.
38. Naami, A., Smaeeli Far, N., & Pourmahdi, A. (2014) Prediction of student’s happiness based on the components of their socioeconomic status. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioural Research. 3(1): 61-74.
39. Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Measuring dark personalities. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 112-120). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
40. Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563.
41. Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1197-1202.
42. Ramezani, S. G., & Gholtash, A. (2015). The relationship between happiness, self-control and locus of control. International Journal of Educational Pschological Research, 1(2): 100-104.
43. Rauthmann, J. F. (2012). The dark triad and interpersonal perception: Similarities and differences in the social consequences of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 487-496.
44. Salahshoor, B. B. (2014). The study of demographic and personality traits affecting the happiness among university students. Resource Assessment Managmentt Technology Paper, 40(3), 643-468.
45. Sangeeta, V., & Chetan, S. V. (2015). Happiness and peer pleasure among adolescent. Indian Journal of Psychology, 6(1), 103-105.
46. Sabouri, S., Gerber, M., Bahmani, D., Lemola, S., Clough, P. J., Kalak, N., & Brand, S. (2016). Examining dark triad traits in relation to mental toughness and physical activity in young adults, Journal of Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 1(1), 1-3.
47. Sheard, M., Golby, J., & Van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress towards construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 186-193.
48. Tarahi, M., & Nasirian, M. (2017). Happiness and risk behaviours in freshman students of Khorramabad universities: The first phase of a longitudinal study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry Behavioural Science, 3(4): 72-79. (In Persian)
49. Toering, T. T., Elferink Gemser, M. T., Jordet, G., & Visscher, C. (2009). Self-regulation and performance level of elite and non-elite youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1509-1517.
50. Veselka, L., & Vernon, P. A. (2014). Introduction to the special issue on the dark triad and related traits. Personality Individual Journal. 4(3): 100-107.
51. Wayne Leach, C., Spears, R., Nyla, R., & Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: Schadenfreude at the suffering of another Group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5): 932-43.
52. Willie, F., Elman, S, Mckelvie, J (2003). Narcissism in Football players: Stereotype or reality? The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 5(1): 38-46.
53. Yavari, Y. (2014). Comparison of Narcissism and beliefs about appearance among elite and amateur body builder. The Journal of Psychology Reaserchs, 7, 49-62.
54. Zardoshtian, Sh., Ahmadi, B., & Azadi, A. (2012). The relation of autonomy-supportive behaviors of coaches with self-determined motivation and sport commitment of elite female players in Handball League. Research in Sport Management & Motor Behavior, 2(3), 150-167. (In Persian).
55. Zareei, A., Ghorbani, N., & Gharibi, H. R. (2016). Dark triad: Maladaptive personality structures detected in last century of scientific psychology. Journal of Germination Psychology, 5(14), 123-30.
)