Document Type : Original research study
Author
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of different timing of PETTLEP imagery with intervention of sleep mediation on acquisition and retention of dart throw task in male students. The participants of the present research were sixty males who were studying in sport sciences. Their mental imagery scores were 45-55 and had no experience of throwing darts. The participants were selected at random and divided into four groups, namely, PETTLEP preliminary, control, 4-hours and 12-hours groups, with an interval of 4 hours (including a 90-minutes nap) and 12 hours (including an 8-hours sleep), respectively. Pre-test Measurements were also carried out at the second, fourth and sixth weeks of the training. Mental imagery training was done in 3 sessions per week during 6 weeks; then, a retention test was given. The results of this study which showed a significant difference between the 12-hour group and the other groups are consistent with the memory consolidation theory. Because of the different senses used in the PETTLEP imagery, it is suggested that the PETTLEP imagery be used in motor skills teaching and learning. Also, the time before bed is recommended for imagery.
Keywords
Main Subjects
1. Afrouzeh, M., Sohrabi, M., Taheri, H. R., Gorgin, F., & Mallett, C. (2013). Effect of PETTLEP imagery training on learning of new skills in novice volleyball players. Life Science Journal, 10.
2. Anuar, N., Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2016). Effects of applying the PETTLEP model on vividness and ease of imaging movement. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(2), 185-198.
3. Atienza, F., Balaguer, I., & Garcia-Merita, M. L. (1994). Factor analysis and reliability of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Perceptual and motor skills, 78(3_suppl), 1323-1328.
4. Botterill, C. (1997). The role of emotion in sport performance: The missing link. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 12.
5. Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry research, 28(2), 193-213.
6. Collins, D., & Carson, H. J. (2017). The future for PETTLEP: A modern perspective on an effective and established tool. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16(1), 12-16.
7. Cooley, S. J., Williams, S. E., Burns, V. E., & Cumming, J. (2013). Methodological variations in guided imagery interventions using movement imagery scripts in sport: a systematic review. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 8(1), 13-34.
8. Debarnot, U., Creveaux, T., Collet, C., Gemignani, A., Massarelli, R., Doyon, J., & Guillot, A. (2009). Sleep-related improvements in motor learning following mental practice. Brain and cognition, 69(2), 398-405.
9. Debarnot, U., Abichou, K., Kalenzaga, S., Sperduti, M., & Piolino, P. (2015). Variable motor imagery training induces sleep memory consolidation and transfer improvements. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 119, 85-92.
10. Ellenbogen, J. M., Hulbert, J. C., Jiang, Y., & Stickgold, R. (2009). The sleeping brain's influence on verbal memory: boosting resistance to interference. PLoS One, 4(1), e4117.
11. Evans-Martin, F. Fay (2010). The nervous system. Book, Copyright © by Infobase Publishing, P 223.
12. Fischer, S., Hallschmid, M., Elsner, A. L., & Born, J. (2002). Sleep forms memory for finger skills. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(18), 11987-11991.
13. Gauriau, C., Raffray, T., Choudat, D., Corman, B., & Leger, D. (2007). Objective improvement of sleep disorders in the elderly by a health education program. Presse medicale (Paris, France: 1983), 36(12 Pt 1), 1721-1731.
14. Ghorbani, A.H., Ghotbi varzaneh, A., Parhizkar kohnehoghaz, J. (2013). Comparing of the effect PETTLEP mental imagery and physical practice on the acquisition and retention skill of dart throwing. Journal of Motor Behavior; 5(13), 125-138. In Persian
15. Hall, C. R., & Martin, K. A. (1997). Measuring movement imagery abilities: A revision of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of mental imagery.
16. Hardy, L., & Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(2), 95-112.
17. Holmes, P. S., & Collins, D. J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 60-83.
18. Khanmohamadi, R., Khalaji, H., & Yousefi, R. (2016). The Effect of PETTLEP Imagery and Balance Practice on Dynamic Balance of the Elderly. Journal of DEVELOPMENT AND MOTOR LEARNING, 9(1), 79-98. In Persion.
19. Knackstedt, P. (2011). Optimal timing of a PETTLEP mental imagery intervention on a dart throwing task. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
20. Lang, P. J., Kozak, M. J., Miller, G. A., Levin, D. N., & McLean, A. (1980). Emotional imagery: Conceptual structure and pattern of somato‐visceral response. Psychophysiology, 17(2), 179-192.
21. Marr, D. (1971). Simple memory: a theory for archicortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 262, 23-81.
22. McMorris, T. (2014). Acquisition and performance of sports skills. 2nd Edition. Wiley pub, p 318.
23. Martin, K. A., Moritz, S. E., & Hall, C. R. (1999). Imagery use in sport: A literature review and applied model. The sport psychologist, 13(3), 245-268.
24. Quinton, M. L., Cumming, J., Gray, R., Geeson, J. R., Cooper, A., Crowley, H., & Williams, S. E. (2014). A PETTLEP imagery intervention with young athletes. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 9(1), 47-59.
25. Richardson, A. (1967). Mental practice: a review and discussion part I. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 38(1), 95-107.
26. Sackett, R. S. (1934). The influence of symbolic rehearsal upon the retention of a maze habit. The Journal of General Psychology, 10(2), 376-398.
27. Simmons, A. L. (2012). Distributed practice and procedural memory consolidation in musicians’ skill learning. Journal of Research in Music Education, 59(4), 357-368.
28. Shojaee, M., Shamsipour, P., Shams, A. (2016). The Role of Night Sleep on Processing Reconsolidation Based Enhancement and Stabilization in Explicit Motor Memory. Sport psychology studies, 9(3), 23-31.
29. Smith, D., Collins, D., & Hale, B. (1998). Imagery perspectives and karate performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 16, 103-104.
30. Smith, D., & Holmes, P. (2004). The effect of imagery modality on golf putting performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(3), 385-395.
31. Schmidt, R.A., Wrisberg, C.A (2008). Motor Learning and Performance: A Situation-based Learning Approach, 4th edition; human kinetics.
32. Sohrabi, M., and Farsi, A., Foladian, J. (2010). Determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the revised Movement Imaging Questionnaire. Research in Sport Sciences, 5; Pp: 13-24. In Persian
33. Song, S., & Cohen, L. G. (2014). Practice and sleep form different aspects of skill. Nature communications, 5, 3407.
34. Tartibian, B., and Nori, H. (2008). The investigation and comparisions sleep quality in endurance and resistance athletes. Journal of Science of human movement,1; Pp: 75-83. In Persian
35. Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2004). Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Neuron, 44(1), 121-133.
36. Westlund Stewart, N., Divine, A., & Law, B. (2015). Considerations for Conducting Imagery Interventions in Physical Education Settings. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 10(1), 31-47
37. Wright, C. J., & Smith, D. K. (2007). The effect of a short-term PETTLEP imagery intervention on a cognitive task. Journal of imagery research in sport and physical activity, 2(1).
38. Zach, S., Dobersek, U., Inglis, V., & Tenenbaum, G. (2017). A meta-analysis of mental imagery effects on post-injury functional mobility, perceived pain, and self-efficacy. Psychology of Sport and Exercise.
2. Anuar, N., Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2016). Effects of applying the PETTLEP model on vividness and ease of imaging movement. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(2), 185-198.
3. Atienza, F., Balaguer, I., & Garcia-Merita, M. L. (1994). Factor analysis and reliability of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Perceptual and motor skills, 78(3_suppl), 1323-1328.
4. Botterill, C. (1997). The role of emotion in sport performance: The missing link. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 12.
5. Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry research, 28(2), 193-213.
6. Collins, D., & Carson, H. J. (2017). The future for PETTLEP: A modern perspective on an effective and established tool. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16(1), 12-16.
7. Cooley, S. J., Williams, S. E., Burns, V. E., & Cumming, J. (2013). Methodological variations in guided imagery interventions using movement imagery scripts in sport: a systematic review. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 8(1), 13-34.
8. Debarnot, U., Creveaux, T., Collet, C., Gemignani, A., Massarelli, R., Doyon, J., & Guillot, A. (2009). Sleep-related improvements in motor learning following mental practice. Brain and cognition, 69(2), 398-405.
9. Debarnot, U., Abichou, K., Kalenzaga, S., Sperduti, M., & Piolino, P. (2015). Variable motor imagery training induces sleep memory consolidation and transfer improvements. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 119, 85-92.
10. Ellenbogen, J. M., Hulbert, J. C., Jiang, Y., & Stickgold, R. (2009). The sleeping brain's influence on verbal memory: boosting resistance to interference. PLoS One, 4(1), e4117.
11. Evans-Martin, F. Fay (2010). The nervous system. Book, Copyright © by Infobase Publishing, P 223.
12. Fischer, S., Hallschmid, M., Elsner, A. L., & Born, J. (2002). Sleep forms memory for finger skills. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(18), 11987-11991.
13. Gauriau, C., Raffray, T., Choudat, D., Corman, B., & Leger, D. (2007). Objective improvement of sleep disorders in the elderly by a health education program. Presse medicale (Paris, France: 1983), 36(12 Pt 1), 1721-1731.
14. Ghorbani, A.H., Ghotbi varzaneh, A., Parhizkar kohnehoghaz, J. (2013). Comparing of the effect PETTLEP mental imagery and physical practice on the acquisition and retention skill of dart throwing. Journal of Motor Behavior; 5(13), 125-138. In Persian
15. Hall, C. R., & Martin, K. A. (1997). Measuring movement imagery abilities: A revision of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of mental imagery.
16. Hardy, L., & Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(2), 95-112.
17. Holmes, P. S., & Collins, D. J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 60-83.
18. Khanmohamadi, R., Khalaji, H., & Yousefi, R. (2016). The Effect of PETTLEP Imagery and Balance Practice on Dynamic Balance of the Elderly. Journal of DEVELOPMENT AND MOTOR LEARNING, 9(1), 79-98. In Persion.
19. Knackstedt, P. (2011). Optimal timing of a PETTLEP mental imagery intervention on a dart throwing task. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
20. Lang, P. J., Kozak, M. J., Miller, G. A., Levin, D. N., & McLean, A. (1980). Emotional imagery: Conceptual structure and pattern of somato‐visceral response. Psychophysiology, 17(2), 179-192.
21. Marr, D. (1971). Simple memory: a theory for archicortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 262, 23-81.
22. McMorris, T. (2014). Acquisition and performance of sports skills. 2nd Edition. Wiley pub, p 318.
23. Martin, K. A., Moritz, S. E., & Hall, C. R. (1999). Imagery use in sport: A literature review and applied model. The sport psychologist, 13(3), 245-268.
24. Quinton, M. L., Cumming, J., Gray, R., Geeson, J. R., Cooper, A., Crowley, H., & Williams, S. E. (2014). A PETTLEP imagery intervention with young athletes. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 9(1), 47-59.
25. Richardson, A. (1967). Mental practice: a review and discussion part I. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 38(1), 95-107.
26. Sackett, R. S. (1934). The influence of symbolic rehearsal upon the retention of a maze habit. The Journal of General Psychology, 10(2), 376-398.
27. Simmons, A. L. (2012). Distributed practice and procedural memory consolidation in musicians’ skill learning. Journal of Research in Music Education, 59(4), 357-368.
28. Shojaee, M., Shamsipour, P., Shams, A. (2016). The Role of Night Sleep on Processing Reconsolidation Based Enhancement and Stabilization in Explicit Motor Memory. Sport psychology studies, 9(3), 23-31.
29. Smith, D., Collins, D., & Hale, B. (1998). Imagery perspectives and karate performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 16, 103-104.
30. Smith, D., & Holmes, P. (2004). The effect of imagery modality on golf putting performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(3), 385-395.
31. Schmidt, R.A., Wrisberg, C.A (2008). Motor Learning and Performance: A Situation-based Learning Approach, 4th edition; human kinetics.
32. Sohrabi, M., and Farsi, A., Foladian, J. (2010). Determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the revised Movement Imaging Questionnaire. Research in Sport Sciences, 5; Pp: 13-24. In Persian
33. Song, S., & Cohen, L. G. (2014). Practice and sleep form different aspects of skill. Nature communications, 5, 3407.
34. Tartibian, B., and Nori, H. (2008). The investigation and comparisions sleep quality in endurance and resistance athletes. Journal of Science of human movement,1; Pp: 75-83. In Persian
35. Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2004). Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Neuron, 44(1), 121-133.
36. Westlund Stewart, N., Divine, A., & Law, B. (2015). Considerations for Conducting Imagery Interventions in Physical Education Settings. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 10(1), 31-47
37. Wright, C. J., & Smith, D. K. (2007). The effect of a short-term PETTLEP imagery intervention on a cognitive task. Journal of imagery research in sport and physical activity, 2(1).
38. Zach, S., Dobersek, U., Inglis, V., & Tenenbaum, G. (2017). A meta-analysis of mental imagery effects on post-injury functional mobility, perceived pain, and self-efficacy. Psychology of Sport and Exercise.
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