Document Type : Original research study
Authors
1 Phd syudant
2 Allameh Tabataba'i University
3 Ph.D. student of Clinical Psychology, University of Tehran
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perfectionism and self-compassion in elite Taekwondo athletes. Cross-sectional correlational design was employed in this study. The statistical population consisted of elite taekwondo athletes participating in the super League competition and National team. One hundred and sixty taekwondo athletes (80 male and 80 female) were selected via purposive sampling method. They completed two scales of perfectionism and self-compassion. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, multiple regression by inward method, and ANOVA tests. The results indicated that perfectionistic strivings (positive perfectionism) was positively associated with self-compassion, whereas perfectionistic concerns (negative perfectionism) was negatively associated with self-compassion. In addition, the results showed that two dimensions of perfectionism predict self-compassion variance. Furthermore, the data showed that the male group significantly have high positive perfectionism and use more self-compassion strategies than female group. According to results of this study, it seems that perfectionism has an effective role in self-compassion strategies of elite taekwondo athletes and improving these strategies can be useful to conduct interventions in order to balance negative impacts and facilitate positive impacts.
Keywords
- Perfectionistic Strivings
- Self-Compassion
- Common humanity
- Negative Perfectionism
- Elite Taekwondo
- Mindfulness
Main Subjects
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2. Al Awamleh, A., Mansi, T., & Ermeley, Z. (2014). The Effect of Mental Training Skills Program on Self-Compassion and Mindfulness. Asian Social Science, 10(18), 90.
3. Bekker, M. H.J., & Belt, u. (2006). Autonomy-connectedness and its relation toanxiety and depression among patients in primary health care. Depression andanxiety, 23,274-280.
4. Besharat, M. A., & Kashanaki, H. (2018). Perfectionism Dimensions and Interpersonal Problems: Gender Differences. Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal, 21(4)73-92. In Persian
5. Campbell, J. D., & Paula, A. D. (2002). Perfectionistic self-beliefs: Their relation to personality and goal pursuit in Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC (2002), pp. 181-198.
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7. Cowden, R. G., Crust, L., Jackman, P. C., & Duckett, T. R. (2019). Perfectionism and motivation in sport: The mediating role of mental toughness. South African Journal of Science, 115(1-2), 1-7.
8. Cowden, R.G., & Worthington, E.L. (2019). Overcoming failure in sport: A self-forgiveness framework. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(2), 254-264. doi:https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.142.01
9. Crocker, P. R., Tamminen, K. A., & Gaudreau, P. (2015). Coping in sport. Contemporary advances in sport psychology: A review, 28-67.
10. Crozier, A. J., Mosewich, A. D., & Ferguson, L. J. (2019). The company we keep: Exploring the relationship between perceived teammate self-compassion and athlete self-compassion. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 152-155.
11. Dana. A., Hamedi. S., Rafiee. S., Rahimizadeh. F. (2016 Spring & Summer). The Role of Unconditional Self-Acceptance in Perfectionism and Burnout Relationship among Collegiate Basketball Players. Research on Educational Sport, 5(12): 189-212. )In Persian(
12. Davis, M. C., & Wosinski, N. L. (2012). Cognitive errors as predictors of adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in children. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30(2), 105-117.
13. DiBartolo, P. M., Frost, R. O., Dixon, A., & Almodovar, S. (2001). Can cognitive restructuring reduce the disruption associated with perfectionistic concerns?. Behavior therapy, 32(1), 167-184.
14. Fayyazi, I., & Kiani, J. (2009). Epistemological study of students' irrational beliefs. Journal of Cultural Strategy Research. 1(4),.117-99.
15. Ferguson, L. J., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2014). Exploring self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being in young women athletes. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 36(2), 203-216.
16. Ferguson, L. J., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2015). Self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being during emotionally difficult times in sport. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(5), 1263-1280.
17. Ferrari, M., Yap, K., Scott, N., Einstein, D. A., & Ciarrochi, J. (2018). Self-compassion moderates the perfectionism and depression link in both adolescence and adulthood. PloS one, 13(2), e0192022.
18. Flett, G. L., Besser, A., Davis, R. A., & Hewitt, P. L. (2003). Dimensions of perfectionism, unconditional self-acceptance, and depression. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 21(2), 119-138.
19. González-Hernández, J., Capilla Díaz, C., Gómez-López, M., & Raimundi, J. (2019). Impulsiveness and cognitive patterns. Understanding the perfectionistic responses in Spanish competitive junior athletes. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1605.
20. Gotwals, J. K., Stoeber, J., Dunn, J. G. H., & Stoll, O. (2012). Are perfectionistic strivings in sport adaptive? A systematic review of confirmatory, contradictory, and mixed evidence. Canadian Psychology, 53, 263e279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0030288.
21. Hill, A. P., & Curran, T. (2016). Multidimensional perfectionism and burnout: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(3), 269-288.
22. Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., Appleton, P. R., & Kozub, S. A. (2008). Perfectionism and burnout in junior elite soccer players: The mediating influence of unconditional self-acceptance. Psychology of sport and exercise, 9(5), 630-644.
23. Hill, A. P., Mallinson-Howard, S. H., & Jowett, G. E. (2018). Multidimensional perfectionism in sport: A meta-analytical review. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(3), 235-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000125
24. Killham, M. E., Mosewich, A. D., Mack, D. E., Gunnell, K. E., & Ferguson, L. J. (2018). Women athletes’ self-compassion, self-criticism, and perceived sport performance. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(3), 297.
25. Laurenti, J. H., Bruch, A. M., & Haase. R. F. (2008). Social anxiety and socially prescribed perfectionism: Uniqueand interactive relationships with maladaptive aPPraisal of interpersonal situations. Personality and Individual Differences, 45: 55–61.
26. Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self- compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: Implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 887e904.
27. Lizmore, M. R., Dunn, J. G., & Dunn, J. C. (2017). Perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and reactions to poor personal performances among intercollegiate athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 33, 75-84.
28. Lundh, L. G. (2004). Perfectionism and acceptance. Journal of rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy, 22(4), 251-265.
29. Mohebi, M., Zarei, S., & Sohbatiha, M. (2017). The Relationship between Emotion Regulation Strategies and Mental Toughness in Super League Taekwondo Athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology Studies, 21; 29-42. In Persian
30. Mohebi, M., Zarei, S. (2019). The Relationship between Mental Toughness and Self-Compassion in Elite and non- Elite Adolescent Taekwondo Athletes, Journal of Motor and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1): 21-31.
31. Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R., Kowalski, K. C., & DeLongis, A. (2013). Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 35(5), 514-524.
32. Mosewich, A. D., Kowalski, K. C., Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., & Tracy, J. L. (2011). Self-compassion: A potential resource for young women athletes. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 33(1), 103-123.
33. Mosewich, A. D., Sabiston, C. M., Kowalski, K. C., Gaudreau, P., & Crocker, P. R. (2019). Self-Compassion in the Stress Process in Women Athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 33(1), 23-34.
34. Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and identity, 2(3), 223-250.
35. Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and identity, 9(3), 225-240.
36. Nicholas S. M (2018). "The Mediation of Perfectionism and Rumination on Mindfulness and Burnout in Collegiate Athletes" Master of Science in Kinesiology (M.S.) .Georgia Southern University .
37. Noetel, M., Ciarrochi, J., Van Zanden, B., & Lonsdale, C. (2017). Mindfulness and acceptance approaches to sporting performance enhancement: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-37.
38. Pacewicz, C. E., Gotwals, J. K., & Blanton, J. E. (2018). Perfectionism, coping, and burnout among intercollegiate varsity athletes: A person-oriented investigation of group differences and mediation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 207-217.
39. Powers, T. A., Koestner, R., Zuroff, D. C., Milyavskaya, M., & Gorin, A. A. (2011). The effects of self-criticism and self-oriented perfectionism on goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(7), 964-975.
40. Reis, N. A., Kowalski, K. C., Ferguson, L. J., Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2015). Self-compassion and women athletes’ responses to emotionally difficult sport situations: An evaluation of a brief induction .Psychology of Sport .Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 18–25.
41. Rezaei; Faeze Jahan (2015). Predicting Depression based on the Components of Perfectionism: The Mediating Role of Self-criticism. clinical sport psychology, 5(18): 1-18 )In Persian(
42. Röthlin, P., Horvath, S., Birrer, D., & Grosse Holtforth, M. (2016). Mindfulness promotes the ability to deliver performance in highly demanding situations. Mindfulness, 7(3), 727-733.
43. Sagar, S. S., & Stoeber, J. (2009). Perfectionism, fear of failure, and affective responses to success and failure: The central role of fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(5), 602-627.
44. Shahbazi, M., Rajabi, G. H., Maghami, E., & Jelodari, A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Persian version of the self-compassion rating scale-revised. Psychological methods and models. 19(6), 31-47.
45. Shafiabadi, A., Niknam, M. (2015). The relationship between perfectionism and job burnout in nurses: the mediating role of unconditional self-acceptance. Psychological study, 1(11): 115-140. In Persian
46. Short, M. M., & Mazmanian, D. (2013). Perfectionism and negative repetitive thoughts: Examining a multiple mediator model in relation to mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 716-721.
47. Siegle, D., & Schuler, P. A. (2000). Perfectionism differences in gifted middle school students. Roeper Review, 23(1), 39-44.
48. Stoeber, J., Otto, K., Pescheck, E., Becker, C., & Stoll, O. (2007). Perfectionism and competitive anxiety in athletes: Differentiating striving for perfection and negative reactions to imperfection. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 959-969.
49. Stoeber, J. (2011). The dual nature of perfectionism in sports: Relationships with emotion motivation, and performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 128e14.
50. Van Assen,M., Bekker,M.H.J (2009).Sex differences in autonomy- connectedness. The role of personality factors.Personality and individual differences, 47,12-17.
51. van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Soenens, B., Boone, L., Vandenkerckhove, B., Stemgée, E., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2016). Evaluative concerns perfectionism and coping with failure: Effects on rumination, avoidance, and acceptance. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 114-119.
52. Wilson, D., Bennett, E. V., Mosewich, A. D., Faulkner, G. E., & Crocker, P. R. (2019). “The zipper effect”: Exploring the interrelationship of mental toughness and self-compassion among Canadian elite women athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 61-70.
53. Zarei, S., Zandi, H. G., Mohebi, M (2018). The Relationship between Sport Perfectionism and Mental Skills in Elite Taekwondo Athletes. Journal of Development and Motor Learning. 11(1): 547-568. )In Persian.(
54. Zhang, H., Watson-Singleton, N. N., Pollard, S. E., Pittman, D. M., Lamis, D. A., Fischer, N. L., ... & Kaslow, N. J. (2019). Self-criticism and depressive symptoms: mediating role of self-compassion. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 80(2), 202-223.
55. Zarei, S., Zandi, H. G., Nazaritaba, N., & Mohebi, M (2018). The relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and emotion regulation in elite taekwondo athletes. Journal of Psychological Science. 16(64): 568-580. )In Persian(
2. Al Awamleh, A., Mansi, T., & Ermeley, Z. (2014). The Effect of Mental Training Skills Program on Self-Compassion and Mindfulness. Asian Social Science, 10(18), 90.
3. Bekker, M. H.J., & Belt, u. (2006). Autonomy-connectedness and its relation toanxiety and depression among patients in primary health care. Depression andanxiety, 23,274-280.
4. Besharat, M. A., & Kashanaki, H. (2018). Perfectionism Dimensions and Interpersonal Problems: Gender Differences. Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi Journal, 21(4)73-92. In Persian
5. Campbell, J. D., & Paula, A. D. (2002). Perfectionistic self-beliefs: Their relation to personality and goal pursuit in Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC (2002), pp. 181-198.
6. Ceccarelli, L. A., Giuliano, R. J., Glazebrook, C. M., & Strachan, S. M. (2019). Self-compassion and psycho-physiological recovery from recalled sport failure. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1564.
7. Cowden, R. G., Crust, L., Jackman, P. C., & Duckett, T. R. (2019). Perfectionism and motivation in sport: The mediating role of mental toughness. South African Journal of Science, 115(1-2), 1-7.
8. Cowden, R.G., & Worthington, E.L. (2019). Overcoming failure in sport: A self-forgiveness framework. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(2), 254-264. doi:https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.142.01
9. Crocker, P. R., Tamminen, K. A., & Gaudreau, P. (2015). Coping in sport. Contemporary advances in sport psychology: A review, 28-67.
10. Crozier, A. J., Mosewich, A. D., & Ferguson, L. J. (2019). The company we keep: Exploring the relationship between perceived teammate self-compassion and athlete self-compassion. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 152-155.
11. Dana. A., Hamedi. S., Rafiee. S., Rahimizadeh. F. (2016 Spring & Summer). The Role of Unconditional Self-Acceptance in Perfectionism and Burnout Relationship among Collegiate Basketball Players. Research on Educational Sport, 5(12): 189-212. )In Persian(
12. Davis, M. C., & Wosinski, N. L. (2012). Cognitive errors as predictors of adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in children. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 30(2), 105-117.
13. DiBartolo, P. M., Frost, R. O., Dixon, A., & Almodovar, S. (2001). Can cognitive restructuring reduce the disruption associated with perfectionistic concerns?. Behavior therapy, 32(1), 167-184.
14. Fayyazi, I., & Kiani, J. (2009). Epistemological study of students' irrational beliefs. Journal of Cultural Strategy Research. 1(4),.117-99.
15. Ferguson, L. J., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2014). Exploring self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being in young women athletes. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 36(2), 203-216.
16. Ferguson, L. J., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2015). Self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being during emotionally difficult times in sport. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(5), 1263-1280.
17. Ferrari, M., Yap, K., Scott, N., Einstein, D. A., & Ciarrochi, J. (2018). Self-compassion moderates the perfectionism and depression link in both adolescence and adulthood. PloS one, 13(2), e0192022.
18. Flett, G. L., Besser, A., Davis, R. A., & Hewitt, P. L. (2003). Dimensions of perfectionism, unconditional self-acceptance, and depression. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 21(2), 119-138.
19. González-Hernández, J., Capilla Díaz, C., Gómez-López, M., & Raimundi, J. (2019). Impulsiveness and cognitive patterns. Understanding the perfectionistic responses in Spanish competitive junior athletes. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1605.
20. Gotwals, J. K., Stoeber, J., Dunn, J. G. H., & Stoll, O. (2012). Are perfectionistic strivings in sport adaptive? A systematic review of confirmatory, contradictory, and mixed evidence. Canadian Psychology, 53, 263e279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0030288.
21. Hill, A. P., & Curran, T. (2016). Multidimensional perfectionism and burnout: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(3), 269-288.
22. Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., Appleton, P. R., & Kozub, S. A. (2008). Perfectionism and burnout in junior elite soccer players: The mediating influence of unconditional self-acceptance. Psychology of sport and exercise, 9(5), 630-644.
23. Hill, A. P., Mallinson-Howard, S. H., & Jowett, G. E. (2018). Multidimensional perfectionism in sport: A meta-analytical review. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(3), 235-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000125
24. Killham, M. E., Mosewich, A. D., Mack, D. E., Gunnell, K. E., & Ferguson, L. J. (2018). Women athletes’ self-compassion, self-criticism, and perceived sport performance. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(3), 297.
25. Laurenti, J. H., Bruch, A. M., & Haase. R. F. (2008). Social anxiety and socially prescribed perfectionism: Uniqueand interactive relationships with maladaptive aPPraisal of interpersonal situations. Personality and Individual Differences, 45: 55–61.
26. Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self- compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: Implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 887e904.
27. Lizmore, M. R., Dunn, J. G., & Dunn, J. C. (2017). Perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and reactions to poor personal performances among intercollegiate athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 33, 75-84.
28. Lundh, L. G. (2004). Perfectionism and acceptance. Journal of rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy, 22(4), 251-265.
29. Mohebi, M., Zarei, S., & Sohbatiha, M. (2017). The Relationship between Emotion Regulation Strategies and Mental Toughness in Super League Taekwondo Athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology Studies, 21; 29-42. In Persian
30. Mohebi, M., Zarei, S. (2019). The Relationship between Mental Toughness and Self-Compassion in Elite and non- Elite Adolescent Taekwondo Athletes, Journal of Motor and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1): 21-31.
31. Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R., Kowalski, K. C., & DeLongis, A. (2013). Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 35(5), 514-524.
32. Mosewich, A. D., Kowalski, K. C., Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., & Tracy, J. L. (2011). Self-compassion: A potential resource for young women athletes. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 33(1), 103-123.
33. Mosewich, A. D., Sabiston, C. M., Kowalski, K. C., Gaudreau, P., & Crocker, P. R. (2019). Self-Compassion in the Stress Process in Women Athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 33(1), 23-34.
34. Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and identity, 2(3), 223-250.
35. Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and identity, 9(3), 225-240.
36. Nicholas S. M (2018). "The Mediation of Perfectionism and Rumination on Mindfulness and Burnout in Collegiate Athletes" Master of Science in Kinesiology (M.S.) .Georgia Southern University .
37. Noetel, M., Ciarrochi, J., Van Zanden, B., & Lonsdale, C. (2017). Mindfulness and acceptance approaches to sporting performance enhancement: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-37.
38. Pacewicz, C. E., Gotwals, J. K., & Blanton, J. E. (2018). Perfectionism, coping, and burnout among intercollegiate varsity athletes: A person-oriented investigation of group differences and mediation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 207-217.
39. Powers, T. A., Koestner, R., Zuroff, D. C., Milyavskaya, M., & Gorin, A. A. (2011). The effects of self-criticism and self-oriented perfectionism on goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(7), 964-975.
40. Reis, N. A., Kowalski, K. C., Ferguson, L. J., Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2015). Self-compassion and women athletes’ responses to emotionally difficult sport situations: An evaluation of a brief induction .Psychology of Sport .Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 18–25.
41. Rezaei; Faeze Jahan (2015). Predicting Depression based on the Components of Perfectionism: The Mediating Role of Self-criticism. clinical sport psychology, 5(18): 1-18 )In Persian(
42. Röthlin, P., Horvath, S., Birrer, D., & Grosse Holtforth, M. (2016). Mindfulness promotes the ability to deliver performance in highly demanding situations. Mindfulness, 7(3), 727-733.
43. Sagar, S. S., & Stoeber, J. (2009). Perfectionism, fear of failure, and affective responses to success and failure: The central role of fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(5), 602-627.
44. Shahbazi, M., Rajabi, G. H., Maghami, E., & Jelodari, A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Persian version of the self-compassion rating scale-revised. Psychological methods and models. 19(6), 31-47.
45. Shafiabadi, A., Niknam, M. (2015). The relationship between perfectionism and job burnout in nurses: the mediating role of unconditional self-acceptance. Psychological study, 1(11): 115-140. In Persian
46. Short, M. M., & Mazmanian, D. (2013). Perfectionism and negative repetitive thoughts: Examining a multiple mediator model in relation to mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 716-721.
47. Siegle, D., & Schuler, P. A. (2000). Perfectionism differences in gifted middle school students. Roeper Review, 23(1), 39-44.
48. Stoeber, J., Otto, K., Pescheck, E., Becker, C., & Stoll, O. (2007). Perfectionism and competitive anxiety in athletes: Differentiating striving for perfection and negative reactions to imperfection. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 959-969.
49. Stoeber, J. (2011). The dual nature of perfectionism in sports: Relationships with emotion motivation, and performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 128e14.
50. Van Assen,M., Bekker,M.H.J (2009).Sex differences in autonomy- connectedness. The role of personality factors.Personality and individual differences, 47,12-17.
51. van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Soenens, B., Boone, L., Vandenkerckhove, B., Stemgée, E., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2016). Evaluative concerns perfectionism and coping with failure: Effects on rumination, avoidance, and acceptance. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 114-119.
52. Wilson, D., Bennett, E. V., Mosewich, A. D., Faulkner, G. E., & Crocker, P. R. (2019). “The zipper effect”: Exploring the interrelationship of mental toughness and self-compassion among Canadian elite women athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 61-70.
53. Zarei, S., Zandi, H. G., Mohebi, M (2018). The Relationship between Sport Perfectionism and Mental Skills in Elite Taekwondo Athletes. Journal of Development and Motor Learning. 11(1): 547-568. )In Persian.(
54. Zhang, H., Watson-Singleton, N. N., Pollard, S. E., Pittman, D. M., Lamis, D. A., Fischer, N. L., ... & Kaslow, N. J. (2019). Self-criticism and depressive symptoms: mediating role of self-compassion. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 80(2), 202-223.
55. Zarei, S., Zandi, H. G., Nazaritaba, N., & Mohebi, M (2018). The relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and emotion regulation in elite taekwondo athletes. Journal of Psychological Science. 16(64): 568-580. )In Persian(
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