Document Type : Original research study
Authors
1 Department of Physical Education, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of Physical Education, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad university, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract
The purpose of research was to study the anticipation of emotional regulation and psychological well-being on the athletic performance performance of professional and semi-professional athletes. The present research was a descriptive of causal-comparative type. The statistical population consisted of professional skill level with a experience of 10 years (n=50) and a semi-professional skill level 5 years experience (n=50) were randomly selected. Data collection tools consisted of three questionnaires: Charbonneau exercise performance questionnaire (2001), emotional cognitive regulation questionnaire (Garnowski et al., 2001) and Reif's psychological well-being questionnaire (1989). To test the hypotheses, multiple regression analysis was used. The findings showed that sporting performance of professional and semi-professional athletes with predictive cognitive psychological regulation and psychological well-being is predictable. The effect of cognitive emotion regulation and psychological well-being on the performance of athletes' professional and semi-professional sport is not significant.
Keywords
- Cognitive Emotion Regulation
- Psychological Well-Being
- Professional Athletes
- Semi-Professional Athletes
Main Subjects
1. Ahadi, B., Setoudeh, M. B. & Habibi, Y. (2013). The comparison of psychological wellbeing and defense mechanisms in stuttereing and non stuttering students. Journal of school psychology, 1(4); Pp: 6-22. (In Persian)
2. Aldao, A. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. and Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-Regulation Strategies across Psychopathology: A Meta-Analytic Review, Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2); Pp: 217–237.
3. Amin Abadi, Z., Dehghani, M., Khodapanahi, Mohammad K. (2016). Factor Structure and Empirical Validation, Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 5)4(; Pp: 371-365. (In Persian)
4. Anshel, M. H., & Wells, B. (2000). Personal and situational variables that describe coping with acute stress in competitive sport. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140, Pp: 434-450.
5. Ashkani, Farah, Heidari, Hassan. (2014). Effect of emotional regulation training on psychological well-being and citation styles of students with primary school learning disability, Learning disabilities, 4 (1); Pp: 22-6. (In Persian)
6. Bayani, A. A., Mohammad Kuchaki, A., Bayani, A. (2008). Validity and reliability of psychological well-being of riff. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14 (3); Pp: 62-70. (In Persian)
7. Bayrami, M., Fahimi, S., Akbari, I., and Amiri Pikha Kalayi, H. (2016). Anxiety sensitivity analysis and emotional regulation components with clinical and social anxiety syndrome. Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology Tabriz University, 8; 68-43. (In Persian)
8. Chen, K.C., & Jang, S. J. (2010). Motivation in online learning: Testing a model of self- determination theory. Journal of computers in human behavior, 26; Pp: 741-752.
9. Chung P.J., Chiou C.J., Chou F.H. (2009). Relationships between health status, depression and cognitive functions of institutionalized male veterans, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 49; Pp: 215–219.
10. Company, R., Oriol, X., Oberst, U., Páez, D. (2015). Perceived effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies in sadness and joy, The UB Journal of Psychology, 45 (3); Pp: 375-390
11. Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well- being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index, American psychologist, 55; Pp: 34-43.
12. Dırendonck, D. (2005). The construct valıdıty of Ryff scales of psychologıcal well-beıng and ıts extensıon wıth spırıtual well-beıng, Personalıty and Indıvıdual Dıfferences, 36; Pp: 629-643.
13. Dolati, H., Ranjbar, M. J. (2017). Comparison of cognitive emotion regulation dimensions in athletic teachers and non-athletic teachers, National Conference on Sport Research, Mohaghegh Ardebili University, Ardabil, Iran. (In Persian)
14. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A, Guthrie, I. K., & Reiser, M. (2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning, Journal of personality and social psychology, 78; Pp: 138-157.
15. Erol Öngen, D. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression and submissive behavior: Gender and grade level differences in Turkish adolescents. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 9; Pp: 1516-1523.
16. Fathi, A., Rezapur, Y., and Yaghuti-ye Azar, S. (2010). Determining the relationship between basic needs and social support with social adjustment in male and female students. Quarterly Journal of Social Security Studies, Pp: 131-146. (In Persian)
17. Ghasempour, A., Joodat H. (2014). Comparison of psychological well-being among athletic and non-athletic students, Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 3; Pp: 204-193. (In Persian)
18. Haddadi Koesha, A.A., Roshan, R., Asgharnejad, Farid, A.A. (2016). Comparison of Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health of Students with Their Emotional Relationships in Family. Journal of Psychology, Tabriz University, 1 (4); pp: 87-69.
19. Heidari, A., Iqbal, F. (2016). Difficult relationship in emotion regulation, attachment styles and intimacy with marital satisfaction in couples in Ahwaz steel mill, Quarterly Journal of New Findings in Psychology, 18; Pp:131-114. (In Persian)
20. Heidari, A., Ehteshamzad, P., Hallajani, F. (2010). The relationship between emotional adjustment of meta-cognition and optimism with test anxiety of students, Quarterly Journal of New Findings in Psychology, 11; Pp: 7-18. (In Persian)
21. Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Spinhoven P, (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, and emotional problems, Personality and Individual Differences, 30 (8); Pp: 1311–1327.
22. Gross, J. J. & John. O. P. (2003). The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems: comparison between a clinical and a non-clinical sample, European journal of personality, 16 (5); Pp: 403 – 420.
23. Hauser, R. M., Springer, K. W. & Pudrovska, T. (2005). Temporal structures of psychological well-being: continuityor change. Presented at the 2005 Meetings of the Gerontological Society of America, Orlando, Florida.
24. Isen, A. M., Rozenzweig, A. S. (1994). The influence of positive affect on clinical problem solving, Medical Decision making, 11; Pp: 221-227.
25. Karademas, E. (2007). Positive and negative aspects of well-being: Common and specific predictors, Personality and Individual Differences, 43; Pp: 277-287.
26. Lane, A.M, (2006). Emotional intelligence research, positive thinking for sport, Tuning up performance – music and video as ergogenic aids, peak performance, 228, 5-7 Electric Word plc.
27. Lane, A.M., Thelwell, R.C., Lowther, J., Devonport, T.J. (2009). Emotional intelligence and psychological skills use among athletes, Soc Behav Personal, 37 (2); Pp: 195-201.
28. Mahdavi Nishiani, V., Ghale Nooy, F., Fazeli, F., Hashemi, S. S. (2016). Effectiveness of exercise on psychological well-being, quality of sleep and quality of life of students at Malayer National University, International Conference on Psychology and Education, Law and Social Sciences, Malayer, Iran. (In Persian)
29. Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., Cheng, J. Y. J., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Individual differences in cognitive reappraisal: Experimential and physiological responses to an anger provocation. Intentaional Journal of Psychophysiology. 66; Pp: 11-124.
30. Maqsudi, F., Najil-ki, B., Zareans, E. (2018). Relationship between cognitive-emotional regulation and coping styles of sport athletic athletic sports, Sports psychology of Shahid Beheshti University, 3(1); Pp: 36-23. (In Persian)
31. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P, (1995). Emotional intelligence and Construction and regulation of fellings, Applied and Preventive Psychology, 4; Pp: 197-208.
32. Neil, R., Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S.D., Fletcher, D. (2011). Competition stress and emotions in sport performers: The role of further appraisals. Psychol Sport Exerc, 12(4); Pp: 460-70.
33. Rajai, A., Biazi, M. H., Habibipour, H. (2009). Basic religious beliefs of identity crisis and general youth health, Transformation Psychology, 6 (22); Pp: 107-97.
34. Ryan, C, Martin, Eric, R. D. (2005). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger, Personality and Individual Differences, 39; Pp: 1249–1260.
35. Sahebi, A., Shahabikhasb, M. R., Zeidabadi, R. (2017). The Effect of Exterior Focal Points and Cognitive Thrust Settlement Strategies on the Performance of Ancient Wheelchair and Spacecraft, Sports Psychology Studies, 19; Pp: 42-31. (In Persian)
36. Sarmad, Z., Hejazi, E., Bazargan, A. (2011). Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences. Tehran: Agah Publication.
37. Shiota, M. N. (2006). Silver linings and candles in the dark: Differences among positive coping strategies in predicting subjective well-being. Emotion, 6; Pp: 335 –339.
38. Shirvani, H., Parvari, A., Farmer Afshar, H. (2014). Comparative study of cognitive-emotional regulation strategies in semi-professional and amateur athletes, Journal of military medicine, 16 (4); Pp: 242-237. (In Persian)
39. Segerstrom, S., & Miller, G. (2014). Psychological strees and the human immune system: A metaanalytic study of 30 years of inquiry, Psychological Bulletin, 130; Pp: 610-630.
40. Singer, R., N., Hausenbleas H.A. (2001). Handbook of sport psychology. New York: Wiley & Sons.
41. Troy, A.S. (2012). Cognitive Reappraisal Ability As A Protective Factor: Resilience to stress across time and context. Doctoral Dissertation of Philosophy. University of Denver.
42. Van Dillen, L.F., & kool, S.L. (2007). Clearing the mind, a working memory odel of distraction from negative emotion, Journal pf personality, 7; Pp: 715-723.
43. Verzeletti, C., Vanda Lucia Z. (2016). Cristina Galli and Sergio Agnoli, Emotion regulation strategies and psychosocial well-being in adolescence, Cogent Psychology, 3: Pp: 119-129.
2. Aldao, A. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. and Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-Regulation Strategies across Psychopathology: A Meta-Analytic Review, Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2); Pp: 217–237.
3. Amin Abadi, Z., Dehghani, M., Khodapanahi, Mohammad K. (2016). Factor Structure and Empirical Validation, Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 5)4(; Pp: 371-365. (In Persian)
4. Anshel, M. H., & Wells, B. (2000). Personal and situational variables that describe coping with acute stress in competitive sport. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140, Pp: 434-450.
5. Ashkani, Farah, Heidari, Hassan. (2014). Effect of emotional regulation training on psychological well-being and citation styles of students with primary school learning disability, Learning disabilities, 4 (1); Pp: 22-6. (In Persian)
6. Bayani, A. A., Mohammad Kuchaki, A., Bayani, A. (2008). Validity and reliability of psychological well-being of riff. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14 (3); Pp: 62-70. (In Persian)
7. Bayrami, M., Fahimi, S., Akbari, I., and Amiri Pikha Kalayi, H. (2016). Anxiety sensitivity analysis and emotional regulation components with clinical and social anxiety syndrome. Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology Tabriz University, 8; 68-43. (In Persian)
8. Chen, K.C., & Jang, S. J. (2010). Motivation in online learning: Testing a model of self- determination theory. Journal of computers in human behavior, 26; Pp: 741-752.
9. Chung P.J., Chiou C.J., Chou F.H. (2009). Relationships between health status, depression and cognitive functions of institutionalized male veterans, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 49; Pp: 215–219.
10. Company, R., Oriol, X., Oberst, U., Páez, D. (2015). Perceived effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies in sadness and joy, The UB Journal of Psychology, 45 (3); Pp: 375-390
11. Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well- being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index, American psychologist, 55; Pp: 34-43.
12. Dırendonck, D. (2005). The construct valıdıty of Ryff scales of psychologıcal well-beıng and ıts extensıon wıth spırıtual well-beıng, Personalıty and Indıvıdual Dıfferences, 36; Pp: 629-643.
13. Dolati, H., Ranjbar, M. J. (2017). Comparison of cognitive emotion regulation dimensions in athletic teachers and non-athletic teachers, National Conference on Sport Research, Mohaghegh Ardebili University, Ardabil, Iran. (In Persian)
14. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A, Guthrie, I. K., & Reiser, M. (2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning, Journal of personality and social psychology, 78; Pp: 138-157.
15. Erol Öngen, D. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression and submissive behavior: Gender and grade level differences in Turkish adolescents. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 9; Pp: 1516-1523.
16. Fathi, A., Rezapur, Y., and Yaghuti-ye Azar, S. (2010). Determining the relationship between basic needs and social support with social adjustment in male and female students. Quarterly Journal of Social Security Studies, Pp: 131-146. (In Persian)
17. Ghasempour, A., Joodat H. (2014). Comparison of psychological well-being among athletic and non-athletic students, Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 3; Pp: 204-193. (In Persian)
18. Haddadi Koesha, A.A., Roshan, R., Asgharnejad, Farid, A.A. (2016). Comparison of Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health of Students with Their Emotional Relationships in Family. Journal of Psychology, Tabriz University, 1 (4); pp: 87-69.
19. Heidari, A., Iqbal, F. (2016). Difficult relationship in emotion regulation, attachment styles and intimacy with marital satisfaction in couples in Ahwaz steel mill, Quarterly Journal of New Findings in Psychology, 18; Pp:131-114. (In Persian)
20. Heidari, A., Ehteshamzad, P., Hallajani, F. (2010). The relationship between emotional adjustment of meta-cognition and optimism with test anxiety of students, Quarterly Journal of New Findings in Psychology, 11; Pp: 7-18. (In Persian)
21. Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Spinhoven P, (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, and emotional problems, Personality and Individual Differences, 30 (8); Pp: 1311–1327.
22. Gross, J. J. & John. O. P. (2003). The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems: comparison between a clinical and a non-clinical sample, European journal of personality, 16 (5); Pp: 403 – 420.
23. Hauser, R. M., Springer, K. W. & Pudrovska, T. (2005). Temporal structures of psychological well-being: continuityor change. Presented at the 2005 Meetings of the Gerontological Society of America, Orlando, Florida.
24. Isen, A. M., Rozenzweig, A. S. (1994). The influence of positive affect on clinical problem solving, Medical Decision making, 11; Pp: 221-227.
25. Karademas, E. (2007). Positive and negative aspects of well-being: Common and specific predictors, Personality and Individual Differences, 43; Pp: 277-287.
26. Lane, A.M, (2006). Emotional intelligence research, positive thinking for sport, Tuning up performance – music and video as ergogenic aids, peak performance, 228, 5-7 Electric Word plc.
27. Lane, A.M., Thelwell, R.C., Lowther, J., Devonport, T.J. (2009). Emotional intelligence and psychological skills use among athletes, Soc Behav Personal, 37 (2); Pp: 195-201.
28. Mahdavi Nishiani, V., Ghale Nooy, F., Fazeli, F., Hashemi, S. S. (2016). Effectiveness of exercise on psychological well-being, quality of sleep and quality of life of students at Malayer National University, International Conference on Psychology and Education, Law and Social Sciences, Malayer, Iran. (In Persian)
29. Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., Cheng, J. Y. J., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Individual differences in cognitive reappraisal: Experimential and physiological responses to an anger provocation. Intentaional Journal of Psychophysiology. 66; Pp: 11-124.
30. Maqsudi, F., Najil-ki, B., Zareans, E. (2018). Relationship between cognitive-emotional regulation and coping styles of sport athletic athletic sports, Sports psychology of Shahid Beheshti University, 3(1); Pp: 36-23. (In Persian)
31. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P, (1995). Emotional intelligence and Construction and regulation of fellings, Applied and Preventive Psychology, 4; Pp: 197-208.
32. Neil, R., Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S.D., Fletcher, D. (2011). Competition stress and emotions in sport performers: The role of further appraisals. Psychol Sport Exerc, 12(4); Pp: 460-70.
33. Rajai, A., Biazi, M. H., Habibipour, H. (2009). Basic religious beliefs of identity crisis and general youth health, Transformation Psychology, 6 (22); Pp: 107-97.
34. Ryan, C, Martin, Eric, R. D. (2005). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress, and anger, Personality and Individual Differences, 39; Pp: 1249–1260.
35. Sahebi, A., Shahabikhasb, M. R., Zeidabadi, R. (2017). The Effect of Exterior Focal Points and Cognitive Thrust Settlement Strategies on the Performance of Ancient Wheelchair and Spacecraft, Sports Psychology Studies, 19; Pp: 42-31. (In Persian)
36. Sarmad, Z., Hejazi, E., Bazargan, A. (2011). Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences. Tehran: Agah Publication.
37. Shiota, M. N. (2006). Silver linings and candles in the dark: Differences among positive coping strategies in predicting subjective well-being. Emotion, 6; Pp: 335 –339.
38. Shirvani, H., Parvari, A., Farmer Afshar, H. (2014). Comparative study of cognitive-emotional regulation strategies in semi-professional and amateur athletes, Journal of military medicine, 16 (4); Pp: 242-237. (In Persian)
39. Segerstrom, S., & Miller, G. (2014). Psychological strees and the human immune system: A metaanalytic study of 30 years of inquiry, Psychological Bulletin, 130; Pp: 610-630.
40. Singer, R., N., Hausenbleas H.A. (2001). Handbook of sport psychology. New York: Wiley & Sons.
41. Troy, A.S. (2012). Cognitive Reappraisal Ability As A Protective Factor: Resilience to stress across time and context. Doctoral Dissertation of Philosophy. University of Denver.
42. Van Dillen, L.F., & kool, S.L. (2007). Clearing the mind, a working memory odel of distraction from negative emotion, Journal pf personality, 7; Pp: 715-723.
43. Verzeletti, C., Vanda Lucia Z. (2016). Cristina Galli and Sergio Agnoli, Emotion regulation strategies and psychosocial well-being in adolescence, Cogent Psychology, 3: Pp: 119-129.
)