Document Type : Original research study
Authors
1 Kharazmi Uniwersity of Tehran
2 Asistant Professor of Kharazmi Univercity
3 Kharazmi University of Tehran
4 kharazmi university of Tehran
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of motor- cognitive dual task on executive functions in overweight elderly. Participants were 30 elderly (65-80 years M=72) of Tehran city. After the pretest (response inhibiation, working memory, problem solving) they were taken in two groups, single task group (n=15) and dual task group (n=15 (for 12 sessions. After the last session, the posttest were taken. Repeated measure of ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Results showed the participants` executive functions improved from pre-test to post-test and follow up. But the interactive effect of the two factors of group and time is not significant. Therefore, the two training methods have the same effect on the executive function of overweight elderly people.
Keywords
Main Subjects
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5. Bahrami, L., salianeh, M., Farsi, A., Nikravan, A. (2017). The Effect of Mindfulness and Working Memory Training on Quality of Life in Active Elderly. Sport Psychology Studies, 6(21), 1-16. doi: 10.22089/spsyj.2017.4549.1477 In persian.
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9. Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychological science, 14(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430
10. Cserjési, R., Luminet, O., Poncelet, A. S., & Lénárd, L. (2009). Altered executive function in obesity. Exploration of the role of affective states on cognitive abilities. Appetite, 52(2), 535–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.01.003
11. Delbroek, T., Vermeylen, W., & Spildooren, J. (2017). The effect of cognitive-motor dual task training with the biorescue force platform on cognition, balance and dual task performance in institutionalized older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of physical therapy science, 29(7), 1137–1143.https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1137Decker, L. M., Cignetti, F., Potter, J. F., Studenski, S. A., & Stergiou, N. (2012). Use of motor abundance in young and older adults during dual-task treadmill walking. PloS one, 7(7), e41306. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041306
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14. Eggenberger, P., Wolf, M., Schumann, M., & de Bruin, E. D. (2016). Exergame and Balance Training Modulate Prefrontal Brain Activity during Walking and Enhance Executive Function in Older Adults. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 8, 66.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00066.
15. Ekkekakis, P., Backhouse, S H., Gray, C., & Lind. (2008). Walking Is Popular among Adults but Is It Pleasant? A Framework for Clarifying the Link between Walking and Affect as Illustrated in Two Studies. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9 (3), 246–64.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.004
16. Falbo, S., Condello, G., Capranica, L., Forte, R., & Pesce, C. (2016). Effects of Physical-Cognitive Dual Task Training on Executive Function and Gait Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. BioMed research international, 2016, 5812092.https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5812092
17. Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., Ogden, C. L., & Curtin, L. R. (2010). Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA, 303(3), 235–241.https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.2014
18. Forte, R., Pesce, C., Di Baldassarre, A., Shea, J., Voelcker-Rehage, C., Capranica, L., & Condello, G. (2019). How Older Adults Cope with Cognitive Complexity and Environmental Constraints during Dual-Task Walking: The Role of Executive Function Involvement. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(10), 1835.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101835
19. Fulton, J. E., Dai, S., Steffen, L. M., Grunbaum, J. A., Shah, S. M., & Labarthe, D. R. (2009). Physical activity, energy intake, sedentary behavior, and adiposity in youth. American journal of preventive medicine, 37(1 Suppl), S40–S49.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.04.010010.
20. Gallahue, DL, and J C Ozmun. 2006. Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults.New York: McGraw-Hill.
21. Ghadiri F, Jazayeri A, Ashaeri H, Ghazi Tabatabaei M. (2006), Deficit in Executive Functioning in Patients With Schizo-Obsessive Disorder. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 8 (3), 11-24 In persian.
22. Hiyamizu, M., Shu M., &Shomoto K. (2012). Effects of dual task balance training on dual task performance in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation,(26),1.https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215510394222.
23. Leone, L. A., & Ward, D. S. (2013). A mixed methods comparison of perceived benefits and barriers to exercise between obese and nonobese women. Journal of physical activity & health, 10(4), 461–469.https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.4.461
24. Levin, O., Netz, Y., & Ziv, G. (2017). The beneficial effects of different types of exercise interventions on motor and cognitive functions in older age: a systematic review. European review of aging and physical activity : official journal of the European Group for Research into Elderly and Physical Activity, 14, 20.https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-017-0189-z
25. Loprinzi P. D. (2015). Physical activity is the best buy in medicine, but perhaps for less obvious reasons. Preventive medicine, 75, 23–24.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.033.
26. Maillot, P., Perrot, A., & Hartley, A. (2012). Effects of interactive physical-activity video-game training on physical and cognitive function in older adults. Psychology and aging, 27(3), 589–600.https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026268.
27. Orangi M, Atefvahid M K, Ashayeri H. (2002). Standardization of the Revised Wechsler Memory Scale in Shiraz. IJPCP, 7 (4),56-66. In persian.
28. Nam, E. J., & Lee, J. E. (2019). Mediating Effects of Social Support on Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Older Korean Adults With Hypertension Who Live Alone. The journal of nursing research: JNR, 27(3), e20. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000292
29. Petersen, L., Schnohr, P., & Sørensen, T. I. (2004). Longitudinal study of the long-term relation between physical activity and obesity in adults. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders. journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 28(1), 105–112.https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802548
30. Posner, M.I. and DiGirolamo, G.J. (1998) Executive Attention: Conflict, Target Detection and Cognitive Control. In: Parasuraman, R., Ed., The Attentive Brain, MIT Press, Cambridge.
31. Rabeinia, M., Saemi, E., Abedanzadeh, R. (2020). The Effect of Overweight Stereotype Threat on Motor Learning and Balance Confidence of Elderly Women. Sport Psychology Studies, 9(32), 23-40.doi: 10.22089/spsyj.2019.7645.1823. In persian.
32. Raichlen, D. A., Bharadwaj, P. K., Nguyen, L. A., Franchetti, M. K., Zigman, E. K., Solorio, A. R., & Alexander, G. E. (2020). Effects of simultaneous cognitive and aerobic exercise training on dual-task walking performance in healthy older adults: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC geriatrics, 20(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-1484-5
33. Suzandehpour, S., Ghadiri, F., Arsham, S. (2020). The Role of stepping Exergame Trainings and Treadmill Walking on the Development of Physical Functions in Older Adults. Motor Behavior, 12(39), 125-142. doi: 10.22089/mbj.2018.6053.1694
34. Silsupadol, P., Shumway-Cook, A., Lugade, V., van Donkelaar, P., Chou, L. S., Mayr, U., & Woollacott, M. H. (2009). Effects of single-task versus dual-task training on balance performance in older adults: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 90(3), 381–387.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.09.559
35. Thompson, D., Batterham, A. M., Bock, S., Robson, C., & Stokes, K. (2006). Assessment of low-to-moderate intensity physical activity thermogenesis in young adults using synchronized heart rate and accelerometry with branched-equation modeling. The Journal of nutrition, 136(4), 1037–1042. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.4.1037
36. Theill, N., Schumacher, V., Adelsberger, R. et al. Effects of simultaneously performed cognitive and physical training in older adults. BMC Neurosci, 14, 103 (2013).https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-14-103
37. Wollesen, B., Voelcker-Rehage, C. Training effects on motor–cognitive dual-task performance in older adults. (2014). Eur Rev Aging Phys Act, 11, 5–24https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-013-0122-z
2. Anderson-Hanley, C., Arciero, P. J., Barcelos, N., Nimon, J., Rocha, T., Thurin, M., & Maloney, M. (2014). Executive function and self-regulated exergaming adherence among older adults. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00989
3. Annesi, James. (2003). Effects of a Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Package on Exercise Attendance and Drop out in Fitness Centers. European Journal of Sport Science ,3 (2), 1–16.https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390300073206
4. Best, J. R., Nagamatsu, L. S., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2014). Improvements to executive function during exercise training predict maintenance of physical activity over the following year. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 353. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00353
5. Bahrami, L., salianeh, M., Farsi, A., Nikravan, A. (2017). The Effect of Mindfulness and Working Memory Training on Quality of Life in Active Elderly. Sport Psychology Studies, 6(21), 1-16. doi: 10.22089/spsyj.2017.4549.1477 In persian.
6. Bherer L. (2015). Cognitive plasticity in older adults: effects of cognitive training and physical exercise. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1337, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12682
7. Chang, Y. K., Chu, C. H., Chen, F. T., Hung, T. M., & Etnier, J. L. (2017). Combined Effects of Physical Activity and Obesity on Cognitive Function: Independent, Overlapping, Moderator, and Mediator Models. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(3), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0589-7
8. Chang, Y. K., Pan, C. Y., Chen, F. T., Tsai, C. L., & Huang, C. C. (2012). Effect of resistance-exercise training on cognitive function in healthy older adults: a review. Journal of aging and physical activity, 20(4), 497–517. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.20.4.497
9. Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychological science, 14(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430
10. Cserjési, R., Luminet, O., Poncelet, A. S., & Lénárd, L. (2009). Altered executive function in obesity. Exploration of the role of affective states on cognitive abilities. Appetite, 52(2), 535–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.01.003
11. Delbroek, T., Vermeylen, W., & Spildooren, J. (2017). The effect of cognitive-motor dual task training with the biorescue force platform on cognition, balance and dual task performance in institutionalized older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of physical therapy science, 29(7), 1137–1143.https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1137Decker, L. M., Cignetti, F., Potter, J. F., Studenski, S. A., & Stergiou, N. (2012). Use of motor abundance in young and older adults during dual-task treadmill walking. PloS one, 7(7), e41306. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041306
13. Eggenberger, P., Theill, N., Holenstein, S., Schumacher, V., & de Bruin, E. D. (2015). Multicomponent physical exercise with simultaneous cognitive training to enhance dual-task walking of older adults: a secondary analysis of a 6-month randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Clinical interventions in aging, 10, 1711–1732.https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S91997
14. Eggenberger, P., Wolf, M., Schumann, M., & de Bruin, E. D. (2016). Exergame and Balance Training Modulate Prefrontal Brain Activity during Walking and Enhance Executive Function in Older Adults. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 8, 66.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00066.
15. Ekkekakis, P., Backhouse, S H., Gray, C., & Lind. (2008). Walking Is Popular among Adults but Is It Pleasant? A Framework for Clarifying the Link between Walking and Affect as Illustrated in Two Studies. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9 (3), 246–64.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.004
16. Falbo, S., Condello, G., Capranica, L., Forte, R., & Pesce, C. (2016). Effects of Physical-Cognitive Dual Task Training on Executive Function and Gait Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. BioMed research international, 2016, 5812092.https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5812092
17. Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., Ogden, C. L., & Curtin, L. R. (2010). Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA, 303(3), 235–241.https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.2014
18. Forte, R., Pesce, C., Di Baldassarre, A., Shea, J., Voelcker-Rehage, C., Capranica, L., & Condello, G. (2019). How Older Adults Cope with Cognitive Complexity and Environmental Constraints during Dual-Task Walking: The Role of Executive Function Involvement. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(10), 1835.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101835
19. Fulton, J. E., Dai, S., Steffen, L. M., Grunbaum, J. A., Shah, S. M., & Labarthe, D. R. (2009). Physical activity, energy intake, sedentary behavior, and adiposity in youth. American journal of preventive medicine, 37(1 Suppl), S40–S49.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.04.010010.
20. Gallahue, DL, and J C Ozmun. 2006. Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults.New York: McGraw-Hill.
21. Ghadiri F, Jazayeri A, Ashaeri H, Ghazi Tabatabaei M. (2006), Deficit in Executive Functioning in Patients With Schizo-Obsessive Disorder. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 8 (3), 11-24 In persian.
22. Hiyamizu, M., Shu M., &Shomoto K. (2012). Effects of dual task balance training on dual task performance in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation,(26),1.https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215510394222.
23. Leone, L. A., & Ward, D. S. (2013). A mixed methods comparison of perceived benefits and barriers to exercise between obese and nonobese women. Journal of physical activity & health, 10(4), 461–469.https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.4.461
24. Levin, O., Netz, Y., & Ziv, G. (2017). The beneficial effects of different types of exercise interventions on motor and cognitive functions in older age: a systematic review. European review of aging and physical activity : official journal of the European Group for Research into Elderly and Physical Activity, 14, 20.https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-017-0189-z
25. Loprinzi P. D. (2015). Physical activity is the best buy in medicine, but perhaps for less obvious reasons. Preventive medicine, 75, 23–24.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.033.
26. Maillot, P., Perrot, A., & Hartley, A. (2012). Effects of interactive physical-activity video-game training on physical and cognitive function in older adults. Psychology and aging, 27(3), 589–600.https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026268.
27. Orangi M, Atefvahid M K, Ashayeri H. (2002). Standardization of the Revised Wechsler Memory Scale in Shiraz. IJPCP, 7 (4),56-66. In persian.
28. Nam, E. J., & Lee, J. E. (2019). Mediating Effects of Social Support on Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Older Korean Adults With Hypertension Who Live Alone. The journal of nursing research: JNR, 27(3), e20. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000292
29. Petersen, L., Schnohr, P., & Sørensen, T. I. (2004). Longitudinal study of the long-term relation between physical activity and obesity in adults. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders. journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 28(1), 105–112.https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802548
30. Posner, M.I. and DiGirolamo, G.J. (1998) Executive Attention: Conflict, Target Detection and Cognitive Control. In: Parasuraman, R., Ed., The Attentive Brain, MIT Press, Cambridge.
31. Rabeinia, M., Saemi, E., Abedanzadeh, R. (2020). The Effect of Overweight Stereotype Threat on Motor Learning and Balance Confidence of Elderly Women. Sport Psychology Studies, 9(32), 23-40.doi: 10.22089/spsyj.2019.7645.1823. In persian.
32. Raichlen, D. A., Bharadwaj, P. K., Nguyen, L. A., Franchetti, M. K., Zigman, E. K., Solorio, A. R., & Alexander, G. E. (2020). Effects of simultaneous cognitive and aerobic exercise training on dual-task walking performance in healthy older adults: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC geriatrics, 20(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-1484-5
33. Suzandehpour, S., Ghadiri, F., Arsham, S. (2020). The Role of stepping Exergame Trainings and Treadmill Walking on the Development of Physical Functions in Older Adults. Motor Behavior, 12(39), 125-142. doi: 10.22089/mbj.2018.6053.1694
34. Silsupadol, P., Shumway-Cook, A., Lugade, V., van Donkelaar, P., Chou, L. S., Mayr, U., & Woollacott, M. H. (2009). Effects of single-task versus dual-task training on balance performance in older adults: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 90(3), 381–387.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.09.559
35. Thompson, D., Batterham, A. M., Bock, S., Robson, C., & Stokes, K. (2006). Assessment of low-to-moderate intensity physical activity thermogenesis in young adults using synchronized heart rate and accelerometry with branched-equation modeling. The Journal of nutrition, 136(4), 1037–1042. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.4.1037
36. Theill, N., Schumacher, V., Adelsberger, R. et al. Effects of simultaneously performed cognitive and physical training in older adults. BMC Neurosci, 14, 103 (2013).https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-14-103
37. Wollesen, B., Voelcker-Rehage, C. Training effects on motor–cognitive dual-task performance in older adults. (2014). Eur Rev Aging Phys Act, 11, 5–24https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-013-0122-z
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