Document Type : Original research study
Authors
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity and reliability of Persian version of the Athletes Coping Strategies Questionnaire in Competitive Sport. A number of 258 athletes (108 male and 158 female) were selected and completed the questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and discriminate validity and Cronbach Alpha Coefficient were used to determine the construct validity and internal consistency. The results showed that the first model of coping strategies questionnaire in competitive sport (39 questions) was not favorable fit indexes. After eliminating the four questions of the social withdrawal factor, the second model with 35 questions had acceptable fit index and internal consistency. MANOVA test results also showed significant differences in using the coping strategies of thought control, mental imagery, logical analysis, and disengagement /resignation between elite and sub-skilled groups and between skilled and sub-skilled groups and inventing of unpleasant emotions between elite and sub-skilled groups. These findings suggest that the modified Persian version of Athletes Coping Strategies Questionnaire in Competitive Sport has appropriate psychometric properties.
Keywords
- زیدآبادی، ر.، رضایی، ف.، و متشرعی، ا. (1393). ویژگیهای روانسنجی و هنجاریابی نسخۀ فارسی پرسشنامۀ سنجش مهارتهای ذهنی اوتاوا- اومست 3. مطالعات روانشناسی ورزشی، 3 (7): 82-63.
- سرمد، ز.، بازرگان، ع.، و حجازی، ا. (1376). روشهای تحقیق در علوم رفتاری. انتشارات آگاه.
- فرخی، ا.، متشرعی، ا.، و زیدآبادی، ر. (1392). تعیین روایی و پایایی نسخۀ فارسی پرسشنامۀ حالات خلقی برومز 32 سؤالی. نشریة رفتار حرکتی، 5 (13) : 40-15.
- میرز، ال. اس.، گامست، گ.، و گارینو، ا. جی. (2006). پژوهش چندمتغیری کاربردی. ترجمة پاشاشریفی، ح.، فرزاد، و.، رضاخانی، س.، حسنآبادی، ح. ر.، ایزانلو، ب.، و حبیبی، م.، تهران، انتشارات رشد، چاپ اول، 1391.
- واعظموسوی، م. ک. (1379). تعیین روایی و پایایی سه پرسشنامۀ آمادگی روانی، طرح پژوهشی پژوهشکدة تربیتبدنی و علوم ورزشی.
- هومن، ح. ع. (1388). مدلیابی معادلات ساختاری با کاربرد نرم افزار لیزرل. انتشارات سمت، چاپ سوم.
- Anshel, M. H., & Kaissidis, A. N. (1997). Coping style and situational appraisals as predictors of coping strategies following stressful events in sport as a function of gender and skill level. British Journal of Psychology, 88, Pp: 263–276.
- Bebetsos, E., & Antoniou, P. (2003). Psychological skills of Greek badminton athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97, Pp: 1289 – 1296.
- Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Press.
- Browne, M. W. & Cudeck, R. (1993) Alternative ways of assessingmodel fit. In: Testing structural equation models. Eds: Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. Newbury, CA: Sage. Pp: 132-162.
- Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, Pp: 267–283.
- Crocker, P. R. E. (1992). Managing stress by competitive athletes: ways of coping. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 23, Pp: 161–175.
- Crocker, P. R. E., & Graham, T. R. (1995). Coping by competitive athletes with performance stress: gender differences and relationships with affect. The Sport Psychologist, 9, Pp: 325–338.
- Eklund, R. C. (1996). Preparing to compete: A season-long investigation with collegiate wrestlers. The Sport Psychologist.
- Finch, L. M. (1994). The relationships among coping strategies, trait anxiety, and performance in collegiate softball players.Microfilm publication of the International Institute for Sport and Human Performance, University of Oregon.
- Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, Pp: 150–170.
- Frydenberg, E., & Lewis, R. (1994). Coping with different concerns: consistency and variation in coping used by adolescents. Australian Psychologist, 29, Pp: 45–48.
- Gaudreau, P., & Blondin, J. P. (2002). Development of a questionnaire for the assessment of coping strategies employed by athletes in competitive sport settings. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3 (1), Pp: 1-34.
- Gaudreau, P., & Blondin, J. P. (2004). Different athletes cope differently during a sport competition: A cluster analysis of coping. Personality and Individual Differences, 36 (8), Pp: 1865-1877.
- Gaudreau, P., Lapierre, A. M., & Blondin, J. P. (2001). Coping at three phases of a competition: comparison between pre-competitive, competitive, and post-competitive utilization of the same strategy. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 32 (4), Pp: 369-385
- Giacobbi, P. R., & Weinberg, R. S. (2000). An examination of coping in sport: individual trait anxiety differences and situational consistency. The Sport Psychologist, 14, Pp: 42–62.
- Gould, D., Eklund, R. C., & Jackson, S. A. (1993). Coping strategies used by US Olympic wrestlers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, Pp: 83–93.
- Gould, D., Finch, L. M., & Jackson, S. A. (1993b). Coping strategies used by national champion figure skaters. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, Pp: 453–468.
- Grove, R. J., & Heard, P. N. (1997). Optimism and sport confidence as correlates of slump-related coping among athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 11, Pp: 400–410.
- Haney, C. J., & Long, B. C. (1995). Coping effectiveness: a path analysis of self-efficacy, control, coping, and performance n sport competitions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, Pp: 1726–1746.
- Hardy, L., Roberts, R., Thomas, P. R., Murphy, S. M. (2010). Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS): Instrument refinement using confirmatory factor analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, Pp: 27–35.
- Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: theory and practice of elite performers. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
- Hashim, H., Zulkifli, E., & Yusof, H. (2010). Factorial validation of Malaysian adapted Brunel Mood Scale in an adolescent sample. Asian journal of sports medicine, 1 (4), Pp: 185–194.
- Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling, 6, Pp: 1-55.
- Kim, M. S., & Duda, J. L. (1999). Predicting coping responses: An integration of Lazarus’ transactional theory of psychological stress and coping and goal perspective theory. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, Pp: 41.
- Kline, P. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. )2nd Ed(. New York: The Guildford Press.
- Loewenthal, K. M. (2001). An introduction to psychological tests and scales. (2nd Ed.). London: UCL Press, Pp: 51-9.
- Mels, G. (2006). LISREL for Windows: Getting started guide. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
- Nicholls, A. R., & Polman, R. C. (2007). Coping in sport: A systematic review. Journal of sports sciences, 25 (1), Pp: 11-31.
- Ntoumanis, N., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2000). The relationship of intensity and direction of competitive anxiety with coping strategies. The Sport Psychologist, 14, Pp: 360–371.
- Ntoumanis, N., Biddle, S. J. H., & Haddock, G. (1999). The mediating role of coping strategies on the relationship between achievement motivation and affect in sport. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 12, Pp: 299–327.
- Prapavessis, H., & Grove, R. J. (1995). Ending batting slumps in baseball: a qualitative investigation. The Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 27, Pp: 14–19.
- Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. (1988). Scaling corrections for Chi-square statistics in covariance structure analysis. Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association, Pp: 308-313.
- Schinke, R. J., & Hanrahan, S. J. (Eds.) (2008). Cultural sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Schutz, R. W., Gessaroli, M. E. (1993). Use, misuse, and disuse of psychometrics in sport psychology research. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphy, & L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology, Pp. 901–917. New York: Macmillan.
- Sellers, R. M. (1995). Situational differences in the coping processes of student-athletes. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 8, Pp: 325-336.
- Stone, A. A., Kennedy-Moore, E., Newman, M. G., Greenberg, M., & Neale, J. M. (1992). Conceptual and methodological issues in current coping assessments. Personal coping: Theory, research, and application, Pp: 15-29.
- Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate statistics (5thedn). Booston: Pearson Education.
- Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., Lane, H. J., & Keohane, L. (1999). Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents. Journal of sports sciences, 17 (11), Pp: 861-87.