Document Type : Original research study
Authors
department of motor behavior, faculty of physical education and sport sciences, university of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
Abstract
Positive effects of doing exercise on physiological factors is evident, and findings of cognitive and psychological effects of exercise are expanding. Nowadays, aerobics has become very popular among females. The present study aimed to investigate predictability of aerobics trainers and inactive females via cognitive, perceptual, and attentional variables. To this end, 160 females of Tabriz (19-50 years old) were selected through a random cluster sampling technique. The Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), spatial cueing test, and short form of Physical Self-Descriptive Questionnaire were used to measure variables and discriminant analysis used for data analyzing. The results showed that all the memory, attention and some of the physical self-perceived features could predict aerobics trainers and inactive females with different percentages; the physical self-perceived variable was the best predictor of aerobics trainers and inactive females. It seems that the effects of exercise on physical self-perception factors is more than cognitive and attention factors.
Keywords
- Abdolmaleki Z, Saleh-Sadeghpour B, Bahram A, & Abdolmaleki F. (2011). Validity and reliability of the physical self-description questionnaire among adolescent girls. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(16), 42-55. In Persian.
- Aşçı FH. (2003). The effects of physical fitness training on trait anxiety and physical self-concept of female university students. Psychology of sport and exercise, 4(3), 255-264.
- Ashkriz N & Samadi B. (2013). The complete guidance of aerobic and step. Tabriz: Nashre Akhtar. In Persian.
- Bahram A, Abdolmaleki Z, & Saleh-Sadeghpour B. (2012). Psychometric evaluation of short form of physical self-descriptive questionnaire in Tehran students. Motor Behavior (Research on sport science), 4(11), 13-34. In Persian.
- Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, Green PS, Wilkinson CW, McTiernan, A, et al. (2010). Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial. Archives of neurology, 67(1), 71-79.
- Best JR. (2010). Effects of physical activity on children’s executive function: Contributions of experimental research on aerobic exercise. Developmental Review, 30(4), 331-351.
- Bijeh N, Saeedy M, Mohammad-Rahimi GR. (2015). Aerobic fitness and its relationship to memory function and academic achievement: A review of evidence. Iranian Journal of Ergonomics, 3(2), 22-34.
- Burgess G, Grogan S & Burwitz L. (2006). Effects of a 6-week aerobic dance intervention on body image and physical self-perceptions in adolescent girls. Body image, 3(1), 57-66.
- Byabangard E. (2011). How to promote self-respect in children and adolescents. Tehran: Anjomane Oliya va Morabiyan. In Persian.
- Chung P. (2003). Physical self-concept between PE major and non-PE major students in Hong Kong. Journal of exercise science and fitness, 1(1), 41-46.
- Dunton GF, Schneider M, Graham DJ & Cooper DM. (2006). Physical activity, fitness, and physical self-concept in adolescent females. Pediatric Exercise Science, 18(2), 240-251.
- Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L, et al. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
- Eskandarnejad M. (2015). Guidance and training of foundation movements for coaches and physical education students. Tabriz: Nashre Akhtar. In Persian.
- Eskandarnejad M & Ashkriz N. (2018). Aerobics and step: step by step training. Tabriz: University of Tabriz. In Persian.
- Eskandarnejad M, Rezaei F & Ashayeri (2017). The effect of aerobic skill training on orienting network of attention. Sport Psychology Studies, 6(22), 47-58.
- Fathirezaie Z, Farsi A, Vaez-Musavi M & Zamani-Sani S. (2015). Effect of cognitive training on efficiency of executive control network of attention. Research rehabilitation sciences, 11(3), 182-192. In Persian.
- Gabbard C. (2018). Lifelong motor development. Seventh edition, Philadelphia, IL: Wolters Kluwer Health.
- Ghasemi A & Momeni M. (2009). The comparison of body image between athlete and non-athlete postmenopausal females. Salmand: Iranian journal of ageing, 4(3), 78-85. In Persian.
- Goodway JD, Ozmun JC & Gallahue DL. (2019). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. IL: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
- Hausenblas HA & Fallon EA. (2006). Exercise and body image: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Health, 21(1), 33-47.
- Huertas F, Zahonero J, Sanabria D & Lupiáñez J. (2011). Functioning of the attentional networks at rest vs. during acute bouts of aerobic exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(5), 649-665.
- Irandoust K, Taheri M & Seghatoleslami A. (2015). Comparing the effectiveness of water-based exercises and Yoga on memory and dynamic balance of elder people. Journal of development and motor learning, 6(4), 463-473. In Persian.
- Karimi L & Zare H. (2013). Effects of music on permanent attention in children with attention deficit-hyoeractivity disorder. Training and learning researches, 1(3), 26-34. In Persian.
- Kavyani M, Farsi A & Abdoli B. (2016). The effect of the visual-spatial orienting on the psychology refractory interference in various levels of perceptual-motor task difficulty. Sport Psychology Studies, 5(17), 13-26. In Persian.
- Kormi-Nouri Reza (2017). Psychology of Memory and learning: a cognitive Approach. Tehran: SAMT publication.
- Lambourne K & Tomporowski P. (2010). The effect of exercise-induced arousal on cognitive task performance: a meta-regression analysis. Brain research, 1341, 12-24.
- Lee SS, Yoo JH, Kang S, Woo JH, Shin KO, Kim KB, et al. (2014). The effects of 12 weeks of regular aerobic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory factors in juvenile obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of physical therapy science, 26(8), 1199-1204.
- Lindwall M & Hassmén P. (2004). The role of exercise and gender for physical self‐perceptions and importance ratings in Swedish university students. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 14(6), 373-380.
- Loprinzi PD, Frith E, Edwards MK, Sng E & Ashpole N. (2018). The effects of exercise on memory function among young to middle-aged adults: systematic review and recommendations for future
research. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(3), 691-704.
- Marsh HW, Chanal JP & Sarrazin PG. (2006). Self-belief does make a difference: A reciprocal effects model of the causal ordering of physical self-concept and gymnastics performance. Journal of sports sciences, 24(1), 101-111.
- Marsh HW, Martin AJ & Jackson S. (2010). Introducing a short version of the physical self-description questionnaire: new strategies, short-form evaluative criteria, and applications of factor analyses. Journal of sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(4), 438-482.
- McDonald M, Raupp B, Jiang W, Leang K & Hanhauser E. (2012). Effects of acute aerobic exercise on short term memory. Journal of advanced student science. 1,106-115.
- Moreau D, Morrison AB & Conway AR. (2015). An ecological approach to cognitive enhancement: Complex motor training. Acta Psychologica, 157, 44-55.
- Niederer I, Kriemler S, Gut J, Hartmann T, Schindler C, Barral, J, et al. (2011). Relationship of aerobic fitness and motor skills with memory and attention in preschoolers (Ballabeina): a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. BMC pediatrics, 11(1), 34.
- Orangi M, Atefvahid M & Ashayeri H. (2002). Standardization of the revised Wechsler memory scale in Shiraz. Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology, 7(4), 56-66. In Persian.
- Pérez L, Padilla C, Parmentier FB & Andrés P. (2014). The effects of chronic exercise on attentional networks. PLoS One, 9(7), e101478.
- Piepmeier AT, Etnier JL, Wideman L, Berry NT, Kincaid Z & Weaver MA. (2020). A preliminary investigation of acute exercise intensity on memory and BDNF isoform concentrations. European journal of sport science, 1-12.
- Ploughman M. (2008). Exercise is brain food: the effects of physical activity on cognitive function. Developmental neurorehabilitation, 11(3), 236-240.
- Rolland Y, Kan GA & Vellas B. (2008). Physical activity and Alzheimer's disease: from prevention to therapeutic perspectives. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 9(6), 390-405.
- Sadeghi N, Khalaji H, Norouzian M & Mokhtari P. (2013). Effects of physical activity on memory of 50-70 years old females with memory disorder. New cellular & molecular biotechnology journal, 3(11), 47-54. In Persian.
- Salmon JAL, Finch CF & Garnham A. (2000). In step with aerobic dance injury prevention: A review of the literature: Deakin University, School of Health Sciences.
- Sands RT & Wettenhall RS. (2000). Female wheelchair athletes and changes to body image. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 47(4), 413-426.
- Shayan A, Bagherzadeh F, Shahbazi M & Choobineh S. (2015). The effect of two types of exercise (endurance and resistance) on attention and brain derived neurotropic factor levels in sedentary students. Journal of development and motor learning, 6(4), 433-452. In Persian.
- Shishmanova-Doseva M, Georgieva K, Koeva Y, Terzieva D & Peychev L. (2019). Enhancing effect of aerobic training on learning and memory performance in rats after long-term treatment with Lacosamide via BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway. Behavioural brain research, 370, 111963.
- Sinaei M, Nazem F, Alaei H & Talebi A. (2019). The role of aerobic exercise training patterns on learning function and memory performance: A review article. KAUMS Journal (FEYZ), 23(5), 563-577.
- Sternberg RJ, & Sternberg K. (2016). Cognitive psychology: IL: Nelson Education.
- Taylor AH & Fox KR. (2005). Effectiveness of a primary care exercise referral intervention for changing physical self-perceptions over 9 months. Health Psychology, 24(1), 11-21.
- Tenenbaum G & Eklund RC. (Eds.). (2007). Handbook of sport psychology. IL: John Wiley & Sons.