Document Type : Original research study

Authors

1 semnan university

2 nll

3 Department of sports science, University of semnan

Abstract

The purpose of the current research was to determine the Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards Doping in Fitness (QAD-Fit). For this purpose, 190 female athletes (76 people) with an average age of 26.92 ± 6.53 and men (114 people) with an average age of 28.72 ± 6.9, semi-skilled in Semnan city completed the questionnaire online. After the translation-re-translation technique and confirmation of the face validity of the questionnaire by three experts, the initial pilot of the questionnaire was done to fix minor problems. In order to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on the structural equation model, the internal consistency of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its stability using the correlation coefficient using test-retest were used. The results in the reliability estimation of the questionnaire factors showed that the alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire with 16 questions was 0.83 and the internal consistency of other subscales of the questionnaire, which includes intentions, attitudes, mental norms and beliefs, was 0.82 respectively. , it was 0.8, 0.84, 0.82 and 0.83, which is acceptable. In examining the temporal reliability, the results of the intraclass correlation coefficient in all subscales and the overall score of the questionnaire have been evaluated favorably. Therefore, it can be stated that the Persian version of the Doping Attitude Questionnaire in Physical Fitness is considered a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the attitude towards doping in physical fitness of athletes.

Keywords

  1. Aguilar-Navarro, M., Salinero, J. J., Muñoz-Guerra, J., Plata, M. D. M., & Del Coso, J. (2020). Sport-specific use of doping substances: World Anti-Doping Agency analysis of doping control tests between 2014 and 2017. Substance Use and Misuse, 55(8), 1361-1369.
  2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
  3. Allen, J., Taylor, J., Dimeo, P., Dixon, S., & Robinson, L. (2015). Predicting elite Scottish athletes’ attitudes towardsdoping: examining the contribution of achievement goals and motivationalclimate. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(9), 899-906.
  4. Andreasson, J. (2015). Reconceptualising the gender of fitness doping: Recon- ceptualising the gender of fitness doping—performing and negotiating mas- culinity through drug-use practices. Social Sciences, 4, 546–562.
  5. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-499.
  6. Biranvand, M., Rajabi , H., & Sajjadi, N .(2019). nvestigating the causes of elite athletes' tendency to doping, Cholarly Quarterly Journal of Sports and Youth Strategic Studies, 5 (5), 83-94. (In Persian).
  7. Barkoukis, V., Lazuras, L., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (Eds.). (2015). The psychology of doping in sport. London: Routledge.
  8. Boepple, L., Ata, R. N., Rum, R., & Thompson, K. (2016). Strong is the new skinny: A content analysis of fit spiration websites. Body Image, 17, 132–135.
  9. Brand, R., Wolff, W., & Thieme, D. (2014). Using response-time latencies to measure athletes’ doping attitudes: The brief implicit attitude test identifies substance abuse in bodybuilders. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 9(1), 1-10.
  10. Brown, T. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Guildford Press.
  11. Diukan B. (2015). Doping prevention management (the role of educational, sports factors and beliefs). Paper presented at the First National Conference on Developments in Sports Science in the Field of Health, Religion on the Susceptibility of Elite Athletes to Doping. Qazvin, Imam Khomeini International University.
  12. Field, A., Austin, S., Camargo, C., Taylor, C. B., Striegel-Moore, R. H., Loud, K. J., & Colditz, G. A. (2005). Exposure to the mass media, body shape concerns, and use of supplements to improve weight and shape among male and female adolescents. Pediatrics, 116(2), 214–220.
  13. Grogan, S. (2006). Body image and health: Contemporary perspectives. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(4), 523–530.
  14. Haraway, D. (1990). A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology and socialist feminism in the 1980’s. In L. J. Nicholson (Ed.), Feminism/postmodernism. London: Routledge
  15. Hofmann R. (1995). Establishing factor validity using variable reduction in confirmatory factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 572-582.
  16. Kavussanu, M., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Marie Elbe, A., & Ring, C. H. (2016). The moral
    disengagement in doping scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 24, 188-198.
  17. Kline, R. B. (2004). Beyond significance testing: Reforming data analysis methods in behavioral research. Washington: American Psychological Association.
  18. Kozhuharov, V. R., Ivanov, K., & Ivanova, S. (2022). Dietary supplements as source of unintentional doping. BioMed Research International, 22, 8387271.
  19. Liokaftos, D. (2018). Natural bodybuilding: An account of its emergence and development as competition sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sports (Online), 1–18.
  20. Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Hagger, M. S., & Hardcastle, S. (2012). Health and doping in elite-level cycling. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 22(5), 596-606
  21. Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent variable models: An Introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  22. Muller, S., Gorrow, T. R., & Schneider, S. R. (2009). Enhancing appearance and sports performance: Are female collegiate athletes behaving more like males? Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 513–520.
  23. Petroczi, A., & Aidman, E. V. (2009). Measuring explicit attitude as an indicator of athletes’ engagement in doping: Review of the psychometric properties of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 390-396.
  24. Sassatelli, R. (2014). Fitness culture: Gyms and the commercialisation of discipline and fun. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  25. Serpa, S., Leitão, J., Marcolino, P., Faria, N., Ramadas, S., Reis, C. (2001). Psychological aspects of doping in sports: Development of the Questionnaire of attitudes towards doping. In A. Papaioannou (Ed.), 10th World Congress of Sport Psychology, Skiathos, Greece, June/July 2001. University of Thessaly & Hellenic Society of Sport Psychology.
  26. Smith, A. C. T., & Stewart, B. (2012). Body perceptions and health behaviors in an online bodybuilding community. Qualitative Health Research, 22(7), 971–985.
  27. Stonger, N.,  Whitaker, L., & Backhouse, S. H. (2020). Testing the validity and reliability of the doping willingness in sport scale. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, (8), 1529-1543.
  28. Tavares, A. S., Serpa, S., Horta, L., & Rosado, A. (2019). Psychosocial factors and performance enhancing substances in gym users: A systematic review. Revista de Psicología del Deporte/Journal of Sport Psychology, 28(1), 131-142.
  29. Tavares, A. S. R., Serpa, S., & Rosado, A. (2019). Psychometric properties of the questionnaire of attitudes towards doping in fitness (QAD-Fit). Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 25(2), https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-6574201900020013 
  30. Thualagant, N. (2012). The conceptualization of fitness doping and its limitations. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 15(3), 409–419.
  31. Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4-70.
  32. Van Hout, M. C., & Hearne, E. (2016). Netnography of female use of the synthetic growth hormone CJC-1295: Pulses and potions. Substance Use and Misuse, 51(1), 73–84.
  33. (2015). World Anti-Doping Code. Montreal: WADA Retrieved from http://www. wada-ama.org
  34. Whitaker, L., & Backhouse, S. (2017). Doping in sport: An analysis of sanctioned UK rugby union players between 2009 and 2015. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(6), 1607-1613.
  35. Whitaker, L., Backhouse, S. H., & Long, J. (2014). Reporting doping in sport:national level athletes' perceptions oftheir role in doping prevention. Scandinavian Journal ofMedicine & Science in Sports, 24(6), 515-521.
  36. Wild, D., Grove, A., Martin, M., Eremenco, S., McElroy, S., Verjee-Lorenz, A., & Erikson, P.  (2005). Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for Patient–reported Outcomes (PRO) measures: report of the ISPOR task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value in Health, 8(2), 94-104.
  37. Zakizadeh, L. (2020). Iran NADO 2021 anti-doping rules. Iran National Anti-Doping Organization. Retrieved from http://www.iranado.ir/uploads/Iranado_2021_AD_rules_-_final_804.pdf (In Persian).