Effect of Self-Talk and Different Grammatical Forms on the Performance of Force-Production Task

Dezhban Afshord, Hassan; Dana, Amir

doi:10.22089/spsyj.2019.6609.1700

Document Type : Original research study

Authors

Hassan Dezhban Afshord ¹
Amir Dana ²

¹ Department of Physical Education, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

² Associate of professor, Department of physical education, Tabriz Branch , Islamic Azad university, Tabriz, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22089/spsyj.2019.6609.1700

Abstract

The present study was aimed to determine the effect of self-talk and different grammatical forms on the performance of force-production task. 80 right-handed men were selected by availability sampling and randomly assigned to four groups. The experimental protocol included motivational self-talks consisting of using sentences with singular first person pronoun “I can", the singular second person pronoun “you can", and the plural first person pronoun “we can”, and for the control group, the protocol was not administered before trials. In each effort group, participants were asked to complete three maximal repetitions with 100% effort. The results of two-way ANOVA combined with the repeated measurements showed that, "I can" and "You can" self-talks led to a significant improvement in the production task performance. However, the "we can" self-talks did not have a significant effect on the task performance (P<0.05).

Keywords

Main Subjects

Studies for Educational Psychology of Sports (Mental skills, sports for children, etc.)

References

1. Abdoli, B., Farsi, A. R., Riyahi-Farsani, J. (2015). Effect of educational and motivational self-voice on the basketball target coordination and precision pattern. Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 26, 1-13. (Persian)
2. Aghdasi, M. T., Torabi, F., & Toba, N. (2013). Comparison of the effect of educational self-talk on performance and learning of dart throwing girls in late childhood and adolescence. Journal of Motor Behavior, 12, 83-96. (Persian)
3. Boroujeni, S. T., Shahbazi, M. (2011). The Effect of instructional and motivational Self-Talk on performance of basketball's motor skill. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3113-3117.
4. Dagrou, E., Gauvin, L., & Halliwell, W. (1992). The effects of positive, negative and neutral self-talk on motor performance. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 17, 145-147.
5. Dana, A., Moradi, J., & Rafiee, S. (2016). Effect of educational and motivational self-talk frequency on the skill of throwing darts. Journal of Sport Psychology Studies, 17, 71-80. (Persian)
6. Dolcos, S., & Albarracin, D. (2014). The inner speech of behavioral regulation: Intentions and task performance strengthen when you talk to yourself as a You. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(6), 636-642.
7. Georgakaki, S. K., & Karakasidou, E. (2017). The effects of motivational self-talk on competitive anxiety and self-compassion: A brief training program among competitive swimmers. Psychology, 80(5), 677.
8. Goudas, M., Hatzidimitriou, V., & Kikidi, M. (2006). The effects of self-talk on throwing-and jumping-events performance. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 3(2), 105-116.
9. Hanshaw, G. O., & Sukal, M. (2016). Effect of self-talk and imagery on the response time of trained martial artists. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(3), 259.
10. Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(1), 81-97.
11. Hardy, J., Oliver, E., & Tod, D. (2009). A framework for the study and application of self-talk within sport. In. S. Mellalieu, & S. Hanton (Eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology: A review (pp. 37-74). New York: Routledge.
12. Hardy, L., Jones, J. G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
13. Hart, W., & Albarracín, D. (2009). What I was doing versus what I did: Verb aspect influences memory and future actions. Psychological Science, 20(2), 238-244.
14. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Theodorakis, Y., & Zourbanos, N. (2004). Self-talk in the swimming pool: The effects of self-talk on thought content and performance on water-polo tasks. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(2), 138-150.
15. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-talk and sports performance: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(4), 348-356.
16. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Theodorakis, Y. (2007). The moderating effects of self-talk content on self-talk functions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 240-251.
17. Ingram, R. (1989). Unique and shared cognitive factors in social anxiety and depression: automatic thinking a self-appraisal. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 8, 198-208.
18. Gelinas, R., Chandler, K. M. (2006). Research Note: Psychological skills for successful ice hockey goaltenders. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 2.
19. Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded reality. American Psychologist, 58, 697-720.
20. Kolovelonis, A., Goudas, M., & Dermitzaki, I. (2011). The effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on students’ motor task performance in physical education. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(2), 153-158.
21. Kross, E., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Park, J., Burson, A., Dougherty, A., Shablack, H., et al. (2014). Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: how you do it matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 304-324.
22. Larrain, A., & Haye, A. (2012). The discursive nature of inner speech. Theory & Psychology, 22, 3-22.
23. Longe, O., Maratos, F. A., Gilbert, P., Evans, G., Volker, F., Rockliff, H., & Rippon, G. (2010). Having a word with yourself: Neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance. NeuroImage, 49(2), 1849-1856.
24. Jerath, R., Crawford, M. W., Barnes, V. A., & Harden, K. (2015). Self-regulation of breathing as a primary treatment for anxiety. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 40(2), 107-115.
25. Masciana, R. C., Van Raalte, J. L., Berwer, B. W,. Branton, M. G., Coughlin, M. A. (2001). Effects of cognitive strategies on dart throwing performance. International sports journal, 5, 31-39.
26. Movahedi, A. R., Bahram, A., Bordbar, S. (2016). Effects of different methods of self-talk (motivational, instructional, and combined) on physical efficacy, acquisition and learning of dart throw task. Journal of Motor Development and Learning, 8(1), 127-140. (Persian).
27. Oliver, E. J., Markland, D., Hardy, J., & Petherick, C. M. (2008). The effects of autonomy-supportive versus controlling environments on self-talk. Motivation and Emotion, 32(3), 200-212.
28. Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and social psychology review, 5(4), 296-320.
29. Sellars, C. (1997). Building self-confidence. Leeds, UK: National Coaching Foundation.
30. Senay, I., Albarracin, D., & Noguchi, K. (2010). Motivating goal-directed behavior through introspective self-talk: the role of the interrogative form of simple future tense. Psychological Science, 21, 499-504.
31. Son, V., Jackson, B., Grove, J. R., & Feltz, D. L. (2011). “I am” versus “we are”: Effects of distinctive variants of self-talk on efficacy beliefs and motor performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(13), 1417-1424.
32. Theodorakis, Y., Weinberg, R., Natsis, P., Douma, I., & Kazakas, P. (2000). The effects of motivational versus instructional self-talk on improving motor performance. The sport psychologist, 14(3), 253-271.
33. Tullett AM, Inzlicht M. The voice of self-control: Blocking the inner voice increases impulsive responding. Acta Psychologica. 2010;135:252–256.
34. Van Raalte, J. L., Cornelius, A. E., Brewer, B. W., & Hatten, S. J. (2000). The antecedents and consequences of self-talk in competitive tennis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(4), 345-356.
35. Van Raalte, J. L., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2016). Self-talk: Review and sport-specific Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 139-148.
36. Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2007). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. (p.295-321). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
37. Weinberg, R., Grove, R., & Jackson, A. (1992). Strategies for building self-efficacy in tennis players: A comparative analysis of Australian and American coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 6(1), 3-13.
38. Wood, J. V., Perunovic, W. Q., & Lee, J. W. (2009). Positive self-statements: power for some, peril for others. Psychological Science, 20, 860-866.
39. Zell, E., Warriner, A. B., & Albarracín, D. (2012). Splitting of the mind: When the you I talk to is me and needs commands. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(5), 549-55
40. Zeyd Abadi, R., Arab Ameri, E., & Sheykh, M. (2009). Comparison of the effect of feedback after goodpoor efforts in self-control and control exercises on the performance and learning of the task of producing power. Research in Sport Sciences, 25, 81-98. (Persian)
Zinsser, N., Bunker, L., & Williams, J. M. (2006). Cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance. Applied Sport Psychology: Personal growth to Peak Performance, 5, 349-381.

Effect of Self-Talk and Different Grammatical Forms on the Performance of Force-Production Task

References

References

Volume 11, Issue 41December 2022Pages 25-42

Volume 11, Issue 41
December 2022
Pages 25-42