The effectiveness of hypnosis imagery on mental skills of athletes

Document Type : Original research

Authors

1 PhD student in educational psychology, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran.

2 Associated professor of psychology. Department of Motor behavior and sport psychology Faculty of physical education and sports sciences Allameh Tabataba'i University.Tehran, Iran.

3 Associate Prof of NeuroPsychology.Psychology of Department.Gramsar Branch.Islamic Azad University.Garmsar.Iran

Abstract

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to see how beneficial hypnotic imagery was on the mental skills of rowing athletes in Tehran province. This study used a developed a semi-experimental approach with a repeated measures design and a control group. Tehran Province's boatmen were included in the study's statistical population in 2021. Due to the semi-experimental aspect of the study, the sample included 30 sailors (17 females and 13 males) who were randomly divided into two groups: A. control (15 people, including eight women and seven men) and B: experimental (15 people, including eight women and seven men) (15 people, including nine women and six men) The Mental Skills Questionnaire (OMSAT-3) was applied in this experiment. The study hypotheses were tested using univariate and multivariate covariance analyses. Data research revealed that hypnotic imagery has an advantage on athletes' mental skills and has resulted in better athletes' mental skills. According to the findings of this study, hypnotic imagery is an excellent way for boosting the mental skills of rowing athletes.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Bangs, N. P. (2021). Effects of a Mental Skills Training Program on Performance in Distance Runners. Boise State University.
  2. Barker, J. B., Jones, M. V., & Greenlees, I. (2013). Using hypnosis to enhance self-efficacy in sport performers. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 7(3), 228-247.
  3. Baum, L. D. (2014). Hypnotic relaxation therapy: Principles and applications by Gary Elkins. In: Taylor & Francis.
  4. Chen, P. Y., Liu, Y. M., & Chen, M. L. (2017). The effect of hypnosis on anxiety in patients with cancer: A meta‐analysis. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 14(3), 223-236.
  5. Collins, D., & Richards, H. (2021). Mental skills. In Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology: Research Directions To Advance the Field (pp. 61-75). Oxford University Press.
  6. Fathi, M., fayaz saberi, M. (2011). Clinical hypnos. Hormehr Publishing. (In Persian).
  7. Fisch, S., Brinkhaus, B., & Teut, M. (2017). Hypnosis in patients with perceived stress–a systematic review. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 17(1), 1-12.
  8. Gharayagh Zandi, H., Mohebi, M., & Zarei, S. (2020). The Relationship between Sport Perfectionism and Mental Skills in Taekwondo Athletes. Journal of Motor Learning and Movement, 11(4), 397-412. (In Persian).
  9. Heidaryan, M., Rabii, M., Shahidi, E., Dowran, B., & Ahmadi Tahhur Soltani, M. (2018). Effectiveness of Hypnosis-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Smoking Cessation, Anxiety and Self-Efficacy. Journal of Police Medicine, 7(3), 103-109. (In Persian).
  10. Heyman, S. R. (1987). Research and interventions in sport psychology: Issues encountered in working with an amateur boxer. The Sport Psychologist, 1(3), 208-223.
  11. Khabiri, M., Moghadam Zadeh, A., Mehrsafar, A., & Abrisham-kar, H. (2017). Comparison of the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation with imagery-based relaxation on cortisol levels, competitive anxiety and self-confidence in elite athletes. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 11(1), 62-73. (In Persian).
  12. Kiens, K., & Larsen, C., H. (2021). Provision of a mental skills intervention program in an elite sport school for student-athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 12(1), 11-25.
  13. Li, Z., & Li, S.-X. (2022). The Application of Hypnosis in Sports [Mini Review]. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-5.
  14. Liggett, D. R. (2000). Enhancing imagery through hypnosis: a performance aid for athletes. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 43(2), 149-157.
  15. Liggett, D. R., & Hamada, S. (1993). Enhancing the visualization of gymnasts. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 35(3), 190-197.
  16. Lim, T., H, Jang, C., Y, & O’Sullivan, D., Hyunkyoung. (2018). Applications of psychological skills training for Paralympic table tennis athletes. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 14(3), 367.
  17. Lynn, S., J, E, Rhue, J., W, & Kirsch, I., E. (2010). Handbook of clinical hypnosis. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  18. Mawdsley, J. E., Jenkins, D. G., Macey, M. G., Langmead, L., & Rampton, D. S. (2008). The effect of hypnosis on systemic and rectal mucosal measures of inflammation in ulcerative colitis. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 103(6), 1460-1469.
  19. Mohammadzadeh, E., A, Rahimi, P., T, & Taghvaeinia, A. (2017). The effectiveness of Hypnotherapy on sleep quality improvement of students. Research in Medicin 41(1), 10-16. (In Persian).
  20. Morton, P. A. (2003). The hypnotic belay in alpine mountaineering: The use of self-hypnosis for the resolution of sports injuries and for performance enhancement. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 46(1), 45-51.
  21. Ong, N. C., & Griva, K. (2017). The effect of mental skills training on competitive anxiety in schoolboy rugby players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(5), 475-487.
  22. Ortega, E. (2017). Examining the effects of self-efficacy, physiological states, and mental skills on sport performance (Doctoral dissertation). Nanyang Technological University, Singapure.
  23. Pates, J. (2013). The effects of hypnosis on an elite senior European tour golfer: A single-subject design. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 61(2), 193-204.
  24. Pates, J. (2014). The effects of hypnosis on an elite senior European tour golfer. Mission of the Journal of Excellence, 16, 74-83.
  25. Pates, J., Cummings, A. J., & Maynard, I. (2002). The effects of hypnosis on flow states and three-point shooting performance in basketball players. The Sport Psychologist, 16(1), 34-47.
  26. Pates, J., Maynar, I., & Westbury, T. (2001). An investigation into the effects of hypnosis on basketball performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(1), 84-102.
  27. Rachman, M. E., Kristiyanto, A., & Utomo, T. A. (2019). The role of hypnotherapy in the process of reducing anxiety among the injured athletes. JTIKOR (Jurnal Terapan Ilmu Keolahragaan), 4(1), 35-39.
  28. Sadock, B. J., & Sadock, V. A. (2008). Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  29. Sharp, L., Woodcock, C., Holland, M. J., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2013). A qualitative evaluation of the effectiveness of a mental skills training program for youth athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 27(3), 219-232.
  30. Shoenfelt, E. L. (2019). Mental skills for athletes: A workbook for competitive success. New York: Routledge.
  31. Taslimbakhsh, Z., Sadeghi, K., & Ahmadi, S. M. (2017). Investigating factor structure, validity, and reliability of the persian version of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C (SHSS: C). Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 23(3), 362-379. (In Persian).
  32. Teymoori, S. (2012). The effect of hypnosis and non- hypnosis imagery on performance and learning of free throw skill in basketball (Unpublished master's thesis). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian).
  33. Thelwell, R. C., & Greenlees, I. A. (2003). Developing competitive

 

endurance performance using mental skills training. The Sport Psychologist, 17(3), 318-337.

  1. Thompson, M., & Hilliard, A. (2021). Developing Mental Skills in Youth Athletes. Strategies, 34(3), 23-28.
  2. Van Raalte, J. L., & Brewer, B. W. (2002). Exploring sport and exercise psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  3. Vičar, M. (2018). Self-confidence, commitment and goal-setting in Czech athletes at different performance levels. Acta Gymnica, 48(3), 130-137.
  4. Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2019). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (7th). Champaign: Human kinetics.
  5. Zarei, S. (2015). Comparison of the selected model of psychological profile of less successful taekwondo Athletes in Islamshahr with successful taekwondo Athletes in Iran (Unpublished master's thesis). Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran. (In Persian).

Zeidabadi, R., Rezaie, F., & Motashareie, E. (2014). Psychometric properties and normalization of persian version of ottawa mental skills assessment tools (OMSAT-3). Sport Psychology Review, 3(7), 63-82. (In Persian).

Sport Psychology Studies
Volume 12, Issue 44
July 2023
Pages 185-206

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 12 May 2022
  • Revise Date: 24 August 2022
  • Accept Date: 06 September 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics