Sport Psychology Studies

Sport Psychology Studies

Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Modern Corrective Exercises on Cognitive Function and Improvement of Movement Factors of Elderly People in Urmia

Document Type : Original research

Authors
Poorya Lahootifar
Akbar Aghazadeh Tizkharab
Department of Physical Education, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
10.22089/spsyj.2024.16784.2477
Abstract
Objectives: The process of aging is linked to notable alterations in various cognitive domains, including memory, intelligence, perception, metacognition, and problem-solving abilities. This study aims to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation and contemporary corrective exercises on enhancing cognitive functions and motor skills among the elderly population in Urmia city.
Materials and methods: The research employed a semi-experimental design featuring pre-test and post-test assessments, comprising two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population consisted of elderly men aged 60 and above residing in the Farzangan Nursing Home in Urmia city during the year 1402. A total of 45 elderly men were selected through purposive sampling. These participants were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: the first experimental group focused on cognitive rehabilitation, the second on modern corrective exercises. Data collection involved cognitive ability assessments, the Stork test, and the Wells test. The results were subsequently analyzed using variance analysis and processed with SPSS version 24 software.
Results: The findings indicated that both cognitive rehabilitation intervention techniques and contemporary corrective exercises were successful in enhancing cognitive function variables, such as memory, selective attention, and planning, as well as movement factors, in older adults. Furthermore, there was no notable difference between the two approaches regarding their effectiveness in improving cognitive abilities, static balance, and physical flexibility among the elderly population.
Conclusion: findings indicate that both cognitive rehabilitation and contemporary corrective exercise interventions are effective and beneficial in enhancing the cognitive functions and motor skills of older adults.
Keywords
Cognitive exercise
sports therapy
cognition
movement
elderly

Subjects

 
 
1.    Amini, M., Dowlatshahi, B., Dadkhah, A., & Lotfi, M. (2010). Cognitive rehabilitation an effective intervention to decrease the cognitive deficits in older adults with alzheimer disease. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 5(1), 0-0. In Persian
2.    Bachurin, S. O., Gavrilova, S. I., Samsonova, A., Barreto, G. E., & Aliev, G. (2018). Mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer disease: Contemporary approaches to diagnostics and pharmacological intervention. Pharmacological research, 129, 216-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.021
3.    Clark M, Lucett S, Brian G. Sutton. (2013). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training: National Academy of Sports Medicine, Jones & Bartlett Learning Publication, 75-9.
4.    Colby, L. A. (2007). Therapeutic exercise: foundations and techniques. FA Davis Company.
5.    Craik, F. I., Winocur, G., Palmer, H., Binns, M. A., Edwards, M., Bridges, K., ... & Stuss, D. T. (2007). Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: Effects on memory. Journal of the International neuropsychological society, 13(1), 132-142. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617707070166
6.    Dadgari, A., Hamid, T. A., Hakim, M. N., Chaman, R., Mousavi, S. A., Hin, L. P., & Dadvar, L. (2016). Randomized control trials on Otago exercise program (OEP) to reduce falls among elderly community dwellers in Shahroud, Iran. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.26340
7.    Esmail, A., Vrinceanu, T., Lussier, M., Predovan, D., Berryman, N., Houle, J., ... & Bherer, L. (2020). Effects of dance/movement training vs. aerobic exercise training on cognition, physical fitness and quality of life in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 24(1), 212-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.05.004
8.    Fernández García, L., Merchan, A., Phillips-Silver, J., & Daza González, M. T. (2021). Neuropsychological development of cool and hot executive functions between 6 and 12 years of age: a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 687337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687337
9.    Hosseinpour, S., Behpour, N., Tadibi, V., & Ramezankhani, A. (2018). Effect of cognitive-motor exercises on physical health and cognitive status in elderly. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion, 5(4), 336-344. https://doi.org/10.30699/acadpub.ijhehp.5.4.336
10.      Hou, C. R., Tsai, L. C., Cheng, K. F., Chung, K. C., & Hong, C. Z. (2002). Immediate effects of various physical therapeutic modalities on cervical myofascial pain and trigger-point sensitivity. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 83(10), 1406-1414. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2002.34834
11.      Ihle, A., Oris, M., Sauter, J., Spini, D., Rimmele, U., Maurer, J., & Kliegel, M. (2020). The relation of low cognitive abilities to low well-being in old age is attenuated in individuals with greater cognitive reserve and greater social capital accumulated over the life course. Aging & mental health, 24(3), 387-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1531370
12.      Irandoust, K., & Taheri, M. (2016). The impact of yoga and pilates exercises on older adults. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 11(1), 152-161. https://doi.org/10.21859/sija-1101152
13.      Johnson, A. A., Shokhirev, M. N., Wyss-Coray, T., & Lehallier, B. (2020). Systematic review and analysis of human proteomics aging studies unveils a novel proteomic aging clock and identifies key processes that change with age. Ageing research reviews, 60, 101070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101070
14.      Jones, C. J., Rikli, R. E., & Beam, W. C. (1999). A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 70(2), 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1999.10608028
15.      Kim, M. K. (2016). The effects of trunk stabilization exercise using a Swiss ball in the absence of visual stimulus on balance in the elderly. Journal of physical therapy science, 28(7), 2144-2147. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.2144
16.      Kimura, T., Kobayashi, H., Nakayama, E., & Hanaoka, M. (2007). Effects of aging on gait patterns in the healthy elderly. Anthropological Science, 115(1), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.060309
17.      Kiper, P., Richard, M., Stefanutti, F., Pierson-Poinsignon, R., Cacciante, L., Perin, C., ... & Meroni, R. (2022). Combined Motor and Cognitive Rehabilitation: The Impact on Motor Performance in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(2), 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12020276
18.      Lai, F. H. Y., Yan, E. W. H., & Yu, K. K. Y. (2020). Home-based evaluation of executive function (Home-MET) for older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 87, 104012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104012
19.      Ma, C., Li, M., Li, R., & Wu, C. (2023). The effect of rhythmic movement on physical and cognitive functions among cognitively healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 104, 104837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2022.104837
20.      Montine, T. J., Bukhari, S. A., & White, L. R. (2021). Cognitive impairment in older adults and therapeutic strategies. Pharmacological Reviews, 73(1), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000031
21.      Nejati, V. (2013). Cognitive abilities questionnaire: Development and evaluation of psychometric properties. Advances in Cognitive Science, 15(2), 11-19.
22.      Nouchi, R., Taki, Y., Takeuchi, H., Nozawa, T., Sekiguchi, A., & Kawashima, R. (2016). Reading aloud and solving simple arithmetic calculation intervention (learning therapy) improves inhibition, verbal episodic memory, focus attention and processing speed in healthy elderly people: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 10, 217. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00217
23.      O’connell RG, Bellgrove MA, Robertson I.  (2007). 20 Avenues for the Neuro-Remediation of ADHD: Lessons from Clinical Neurosciences. Handbook of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 441.
24.      Payne, T. W., & Schnapp, M. A. (2014). The relationship between negative affect and reported cognitive failures. Depression research and treatment, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/396195
25.      Pi, Y. L., Wu, X. H., Wang, F. J., Liu, K., Wu, Y., Zhu, H., & Zhang, J. (2019). Motor skill learning induces brain network plasticity: A diffusion-tensor imaging study. PLoS One, 14(2), e0210015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210015
26.      Pichierri, G., Wolf, P., Murer, K., & de Bruin, E. D. (2011). Cognitive and cognitive-motor interventions affecting physical functioning: a systematic review. BMC geriatrics, 11(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-11-29
27.      Rajan, K. B., Weuve, J., Barnes, L. L., McAninch, E. A., Wilson, R. S., & Evans, D. A. (2021). Population estimate of people with clinical Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment in the United States (2020–2060). Alzheimer's & dementia, 17(12), 1966-1975. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12362
28.      Sadeghi, H., Norouzi, H., Karimi Asl, A., & Montazer, M. (2008). Functional training program effect on static and dynamic balance in male able-bodied elderly. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 3(2), 565-571.
29.      Simonsick, E. M., Guralnik, J. M., Volpato, S., Balfour, J., & Fried, L. P. (2005). Just get out the door! Importance of walking outside the home for maintaining mobility: findings from the women's health and aging study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(2), 198-203.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53103.x
30.      Verny, M., & Duyckaerts, C. (2020). Cognitive deficit, and neuropathological correlates, in the oldest-old. Revue Neurologique, 176(9), 670-676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2020.01.355
31.      Yousefshahi, M., & Mohammadzadeh, H. (2020). Effect of Cognitive, Motor, and Motor-Cognitive Exercises on Explicit Motor Memory Balance and Walking of Elderly Women. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 9(4), 124-34.
Sport Psychology Studies
Volume 14, Issue 51
Spring 2025
Pages 182-196

  • Receive Date 08 June 2024
  • Revise Date 03 September 2024
  • Accept Date 10 September 2024