Document Type : Original research study
Authors
1 beheshti univeristy
2 tehran. shahid beheshti university
3 shahid beheshti university
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to determine the psychological characteristics and skills of the women of Iran's national karate team in the three stages of elite initiation, elite development, and elite mastery. The current research was a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) type of study. In this research, information was collected through interviews, participation in the workshop, and the presentation of a checklist for prioritizing psychological skills, which was completed by interviewing athletes at the initiation stage of elite by their mothers and at the stage of elite development and mastery by the elite athletes themselves. became Thematic data analysis was used to analyze and interpret the data. Also, the sampling of this research continued until reaching the theoretical saturation stage, in which 22 athletes of the women's national karate team participated, who were divided into three groups. These three groups included the first group of elite starting stage including 10 mothers and daughters, the second group of six athletes at the level of elite development, the third group of six elite athletes at the level of elite mastery. The results of the thematic analysis of the interviews related to the starting group indicate the achievement of the main theme of "creating a foundation of psychological characteristics". in the second group results of the interviews indicated achievement of main theme of " development of skills performance". The results of the analysis interviews related to the mastery group indicated the achievement of the theme of " improvement of psychological skills focused on performance".
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Amin, A., & Pirani, M. A. (2011). An introduction to karate – track & field with an emphasis on the scientific-research foundations of karate. Tehran: Nersi Publications (In Persian).
- Behncke, L. (2004). Mental skills training for sports: A brief review. Athletic Insight: Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 1-24.
- Blijlevens, S. J., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Wylleman, P., Bool, K., & Visscher, C. (2018). Psychological characteristics and skills of top-level Dutch gymnasts in the initiation, development and mastery stages of the athletic career. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 202-210.
- Blijlevens, S. J., Wylleman, P., Bool, K., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., & Visscher, C. (2019). Acquisition and maintenance of excellence: the challenges faced by Dutch top-level gymnasts throughout different stages of athletic development. Sport in Society, 23(4), 577-594.
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
- Butt, J., Weinberg, R., & Culp, B. (2010). Exploring mental toughness in NCAA athletes. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3(2), 316-332.
- Caruso, A. (2005). Sports psychology basics. Pensylvania: Reedswain Inc.
- Cook, C., Crust, L., Littlewood, M., Nesti, M., & Allen-Collinson, J. (2014). ‘What it takes’: Perceptions of mental toughness and its development in an English Premier League Soccer Academy. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 6(3), 329-347.
- Cumming, J., & Hall, C. (2002). Deliberate imagery practice: the development of imagery skills in competitive athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(2), 137-145.
- Cumming, J., Hall, C., & Shambrook, C. (2004). The influence of an imagery workshop on athletes’ use of imagery. Athletic Insight, 6(1), 52-73.
- Dohme, L. C., Backhouse, S., Piggott, D., & Morgan, G. (2017). Categorising and defining popular psychological terms used within the youth athlete talent development literature: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 134-163
- Dohme, L. C., Piggott, D., Backhouse, S., & Morgan, G. (2019). Psychological skills and characteristics facilitative of youth athletes’ development: A systematic review. The Sport Psychologist, 33(4), 261-275.
- Doria, C., Veicsteinas, A., Limonta, E., Maggioni, M. A., Aschieri, P., Eusebi, F., ..., & Pietrangelo, T. (2009). Energetics of karate (kata and kumite techniques) in top-level athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(5), 603-610.
- Edwards, D. J., & Steyn, B. J. (2008). Sport psychological skills training and psychological well-being. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 30(1), 15-28
- Esfahani, N., & Ghezelseflo, H. (2013). Comparison of psychological skills of Elite and non-Elite Karate ka and its relation with athletes’ performance. Journal of Psychological Studies, 9(1), 109-120. (In Persian).
- Feltz, D. L. (2007). Self-confidence and sports performance. In D. Smith, & M. Bar-Eli (Eds.), Essential readings in sport and exercise psychology (pp. 278–294). Champaign: Human Kinetics.
- Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172-204.
- Gregg, M., Hall, C., McGowan, E., & Hall, N. (2011). The relationship between imagery ability and imagery use among athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(2), 129-141.
- Hardy, J., Gammage, K., & Hall, C. (2001). A descriptive study of athlete self-talk. The sport psychologist, 15(3), 306-318.
- Hazell, J., Cotterill, S. T., & Hill, D. M. (2014). An exploration of pre-performance routines, self-efficacy, anxiety and performance in semi-professional soccer. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(6), 603-610.
- Holt, N. L., & Mitchell, T. (2006). Talent development in English professional soccer. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 37(2/3), 77–98.
- Howells, K. (2017). Butterflies, magic carpets, and scary wild animals: An intervention with a young gymnast. Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, 26–37
- Iide, K., Imamura, H., Yoshimura, Y., Yamashita, A., Miyahara, K., Miyamoto, N., & Moriwaki, C. (2008). Physiological responses of simulated karate sparring matches in young men and boys. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(3), 839-844.
- Jooste, J., Van Wyk, J. G., & Steyn, B. J. (2013). The relationship between mental skills and level of cricket participation. African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 19(1), 180-192.
- Kayani, S., Kiyani, T., Wang, J., Zagalaz Sánchez, M. L., Kayani, S., & Qurban, H. (2018). Physical activity and academic performance: The mediating effect of self-
esteem and depression. Sustainability, 10(10), 3633.
- Kent, M. (2006). Oxford dictionary of sports science and medicine (3rd). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Khanjari, Y., Arab Ameri, E., Garooei, R., Motashareei, E., & Hemayattalab, R. (2013). The effect of a course of psychological skills training (PST) Program on selected mental skills and the performance of teenager female taekwondo athletes of Iranian National Team. Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 3(5), 25-34. (In Persian).
- Kudlackova, K., Eccles, D. W., & Dieffenbach, K. (2013). Use of relaxation skills in differentially skilled athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(4), 468-475.
- Larsen, C., Alfermann, D., & Christensen, M. (2012). Psychosocial skills in a youth soccer academy: A holistic ecological perspective. Sport Science Review, XXI(3-4), 51-61.
- Macnamara, A., Button, A., & Collins, D. (2010a). The role of psychological characteristics in facilitating the pathway to elite performance part 1: Identifying mental skills and behaviors. The Sport Psychologist, 24(1), 52–73.
- Mills, A., Butt, J., Maynard, I., & Harwood, C. (2012). Identifying factors perceived to influence the development of elite youth football academy players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1593-1604.
- Nishiyama, H., Brown, R. Karate: The art of empty hand fighting: The groundbreaking work on Karate. Vermint: Tuttle Publishing.
- Olusoga, P., Maynard, I., Butt, J., & Hays, K. (2014). Coaching under pressure: Mental skills training for sports coaches. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 10(3), 31-44.
- Pankow, K., Mosewich, A. D., McHugh, T. L. F., & Holt, N. L. (2021). The role of mental health protection and promotion among flourishing Canadian university sport coaches. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 11(1), 28-43.
- Rees, T., Hardy, L., Güllich, A., Abernethy, B., Côté, J., Woodman, T., ..., & Warr, C. (2016). The great British medalists project: a review of current knowledge on the development of the world’s best sporting talent. Sports Medicine, 46(8), 1041-1058.
- Salmela, J. H. (1994). Phases and transitions across sport careers. In D. Hackfort (Ed.), Psycho-social issues and interventions in elite sports (pp. 11-28). Frankfurt, Germany: Lang.
- Taylor, J., & Collins, D. (2019). Shoulda, coulda, didnae—why don't high-potential players make it? The Sport Psychologist, 33(2), 85–96.
- Van Raalte, J. L., & Vincent, A. (2017). Self-talk in sport and performance. In Oxford research encyclopedia of psychology https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.157
- Vesković, A., Koropanovski, N., Dopsaj, M., & Jovanović, S. (2019). Effects of a psychological skill training program on anxiety levels in top karate athletes. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 25, 418-422.
- Woodcock, C., Holland, M. J., Duda, J. L., & Cumming, J. (2011). Psychological qualities of elite adolescent rugby players: Parents, coaches, and sport administration staff perceptions and supporting roles. The Sport Psychologist, 25(4), 411-443.
- Yadi Tabar, H. (2012). The effect of emotional intelligence training on the mental skills of skilled and beginner karate athletes (Unpublished masters’s thesis). Razi Universiry, Kermanshah (In Persian).
- Young, K. D., & Lewis, R. J. (1997). What is confidence? Part 2: detailed definition and determination of confidence intervals. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 30(3), 311-318.
)