Document Type : Original research study
Authors
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to examine validity and reliability of the Persian version of Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports. For this purpose, 209 athletes of different individual and team sports completed the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations was used for construct validity of questionnaire. Internal consistency and temporal reliability of questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients, respectively. Results of Confirmatory factor analysis revealed two factor structures of self-talk (cognitive and motivational factors) with 11 items. Cronbach alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was calculated greater than 0.81, that indicated the appropriate internal consistency and temporal reliability of questionnaire. Therefore, the Persian Version of Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports can be used as a valid and reliable tool to measure functions of self-talk among Iranian athletes.
Keywords
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3. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications.
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12.u, L. t. and P. M. Bentler (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation
منابع
2. rowen, M. and R. Cudeck (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit in testing structural equation model. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications.
4. arbuga, Y. (2015). The examination of self-talk ability of elite fencers.International journal of science culture and sport (IntJSCS), 3(3), 189-195.
5.ngür M ( 2011). Adaptation and application of performance failure appraisal inventory (PFAI) and self-talk questionnaire (S-TQ) into Turkish athletes population. The Aegean University, Doctoral Dissertation, 83-102.
6.ardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(1); 81- 97.
7.ardy, J., Gammage, K., & Hall, C. (2001). A descriptive study of athlete self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 15; 306-318.
8.ardy, J. and C. Hall (2006). Exploring coaches’ promotion of athlete self-talk. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 3; 134 -149.
9. ardy, J., Hall, C.R., & Hardy, L. (2005b). Quantifying athlete self-talk. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23 (9), 905-917.
10. atzigeorgiadis, A. and S. J. Biddle (2000). Assessing cognitive interference in sport: Development of the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 13(1): 65-81.
11.atzigeorgiadis, A., N. Zourbanos, Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-talk and sports performance a meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(4): 348-356.
12.u, L. t. and P. M. Bentler (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation
منابع
modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
13.ohnson J., Hrycaiko D.W., Johnson G.V., Hallas J.M. (2004). Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. The Sport Psychologist.; (18), 44–59.
14.line, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
15.andin, D. and E. P. Hebert (1999). The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal of applied sport psychology, 11(2), 263-282.
16.arrain, A. and A. Haye (2012). The discursive nature of inner speech. Theory & Psychology, 22(1), 3-22.
17. ahoney, M. J., Gabriel, T. J., & Perkins, T. S. (1987). Psychological skills and exceptional athletic performance. The sport psychologist, 1(3), 181-199.
18.ellalieu, S. and S. Hanton (2008). Advances in applied sport psychology: A review". Routledge.
19. eyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage.
20. eshati, A. (2016). The study of relationship between self-talk and anxiety With Judo athletic performance. International Journal of Sport Studies. 6 (4), 238-243.
21.ppenheim, G. M. and G. S. Dell (2010). Motor movement matters: The flexible abstractness of inner speech. Memory & cognition. 38(8), 1147- 1160.
22. semi,V. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling in Social Research Using Amos Graphics. Tehran. Jame’eshenasan publication. In persian
23. ezaee, F., Farokhi, A.,& Bagherzadeh, F. (2012). The Effect of Motivational Self-Talk on Simple and Complex Motor Skills in Basketball. Motor development and learning journal, 10, 29- 44. In Persian
24.arason, I.G., Sarason, B.R., Keefe, D.E., Hayes, B.E., & Shearin, E.N. (1986). Cognitive interference: Situational determinants and trait like characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 215–226.
25.ahmasebiborojeni, S. (2016). Psychometric Properties of Persian Version of the Automatic Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sport . Sport Psychology Studies Journal, 16; 117-138.
26. erry, P. C., Lane, A. M., & Fogarty, G. J. (2003). Construct validity of the Profile of Mood States—Adolescents for use with adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(2), 125-139.
27. heodorakis, Y., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Chroni, S. (2008). Self-talk: It works, but how? Development and preliminary validation of the functions of self-talk questionnaire. Measurement in Physical education and exercise Science,12(1), 10-30.
28. homas, P.R., Murphy, S.M., & Hardy, L. (1999). Test of performance strategies: Development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive measure of athletes’ psychological skills. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 697- 711.
29. An Raalte J L., Vincent A., Brewer B W. (2016). Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 139-148.
30. iet, M. N. T. (2013). THE psychometric properties of self-talk questionnaire- vietnamese version. Journal of Sports Science and Technology, 13(2); 93-100.
31. ygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language" Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (Original work published 1934).
32. ervas, Y., Stavrou, N.A., & Psychountaki, M. (2007). Development and validation of the Self-Talk Questionnaire (S-TQ) for sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 142-159.
33.iegler, S. G. (1987). Effects of stimulus cueing on the acquisition of groundstrokes by beginning tennis players. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20(4); 405-411.
34. innser, N., Bunker, L., & Williams, J.M. (2006). Cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance. In J.M. Williams (Ed.), Applied Sport Psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (5th ed., 349–381). New York: McGraw- Hill.
35. ourbanos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Chroni, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Papaiannou, A. (2009). Automatic self-talk questionnaire for sports (ASTQS): development and preliminary validation of a measure identifying the structur of athletes' selftalk. The Sport Psychologist, 23; 233-251.
13.ohnson J., Hrycaiko D.W., Johnson G.V., Hallas J.M. (2004). Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. The Sport Psychologist.; (18), 44–59.
14.line, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
15.andin, D. and E. P. Hebert (1999). The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal of applied sport psychology, 11(2), 263-282.
16.arrain, A. and A. Haye (2012). The discursive nature of inner speech. Theory & Psychology, 22(1), 3-22.
17. ahoney, M. J., Gabriel, T. J., & Perkins, T. S. (1987). Psychological skills and exceptional athletic performance. The sport psychologist, 1(3), 181-199.
18.ellalieu, S. and S. Hanton (2008). Advances in applied sport psychology: A review". Routledge.
19. eyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage.
20. eshati, A. (2016). The study of relationship between self-talk and anxiety With Judo athletic performance. International Journal of Sport Studies. 6 (4), 238-243.
21.ppenheim, G. M. and G. S. Dell (2010). Motor movement matters: The flexible abstractness of inner speech. Memory & cognition. 38(8), 1147- 1160.
22. semi,V. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling in Social Research Using Amos Graphics. Tehran. Jame’eshenasan publication. In persian
23. ezaee, F., Farokhi, A.,& Bagherzadeh, F. (2012). The Effect of Motivational Self-Talk on Simple and Complex Motor Skills in Basketball. Motor development and learning journal, 10, 29- 44. In Persian
24.arason, I.G., Sarason, B.R., Keefe, D.E., Hayes, B.E., & Shearin, E.N. (1986). Cognitive interference: Situational determinants and trait like characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 215–226.
25.ahmasebiborojeni, S. (2016). Psychometric Properties of Persian Version of the Automatic Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sport . Sport Psychology Studies Journal, 16; 117-138.
26. erry, P. C., Lane, A. M., & Fogarty, G. J. (2003). Construct validity of the Profile of Mood States—Adolescents for use with adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(2), 125-139.
27. heodorakis, Y., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Chroni, S. (2008). Self-talk: It works, but how? Development and preliminary validation of the functions of self-talk questionnaire. Measurement in Physical education and exercise Science,12(1), 10-30.
28. homas, P.R., Murphy, S.M., & Hardy, L. (1999). Test of performance strategies: Development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive measure of athletes’ psychological skills. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 697- 711.
29. An Raalte J L., Vincent A., Brewer B W. (2016). Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 139-148.
30. iet, M. N. T. (2013). THE psychometric properties of self-talk questionnaire- vietnamese version. Journal of Sports Science and Technology, 13(2); 93-100.
31. ygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language" Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (Original work published 1934).
32. ervas, Y., Stavrou, N.A., & Psychountaki, M. (2007). Development and validation of the Self-Talk Questionnaire (S-TQ) for sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 142-159.
33.iegler, S. G. (1987). Effects of stimulus cueing on the acquisition of groundstrokes by beginning tennis players. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20(4); 405-411.
34. innser, N., Bunker, L., & Williams, J.M. (2006). Cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance. In J.M. Williams (Ed.), Applied Sport Psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (5th ed., 349–381). New York: McGraw- Hill.
35. ourbanos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Chroni, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Papaiannou, A. (2009). Automatic self-talk questionnaire for sports (ASTQS): development and preliminary validation of a measure identifying the structur of athletes' selftalk. The Sport Psychologist, 23; 233-251.
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