Document Type : Original research study
Authors
Assistant Professor of Sport Science, Damghan University
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of causality orientation and self-efficacy on exercise intention and behavior in obese, moderate and lean male and female. 230 students in Damghan University were selected.Causality Orientation of Exercise questionnaire (Rose et al, 2001), Self-Efficacy questionnaire (Schwartz, 1999), Godin´s (1995) method and Gondin and Shephard´s method (assess exercise intention and behavior) were used. Based on the results there is significant relation (but poor) between exercise intention and exercise behavior. There is a significant and positive relation between exercise intention whit autonomy orientation and self-efficacy and also there is a significant and positive relation between exercise behavior and autonomy orientation. Self-efficacy and autonomy orientation predicted exercise intention and exercise behavior significantly. The model of autonomy and self-efficacy on exercise behavior was significant only for men. The results of this study emphasize on importance causality orientation and self-efficacy in physical activity employment.
Keywords
- Exercise Autonomy Orientation
- Exercise Control Orientation
- Exercise Behavior
- Self-Efficacy
- Exercise Intention
Main Subjects
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2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
3. Beville, J. M., Umstattd Meyer, M. R., Usdan, S., & Lian, B. (2013). Gender differences in college leisure time physical activity: Application of the theory of planned behavior and integrated behavioral model. Journal of American College Health, 62(3), 173-184.
4. Brickell, T. A., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Pretty, G. M. (2006). Augmenting the validity of the theory of planned Bbhavior in predicting exercise. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(1), 51-63.
5. Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Hagger, M. S., & Smith, B. (2007). Influences of perceived autonomy support on physical activity within the theory of planned behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(5), 934-954.
6. Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Hagger, M. S., Biddle, S. J. H., & Karageorghis, C. (2002). The connitive processes by which perceived locus of causality predicts participation in physical activity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 284-306.
7. Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Hagger, M. S., Biddle, S. J. H., Smith, B., & Wang, J. C. K. (2003). A meta-analysis of perceived locus of causality in exercise, sport, and physical education contexts. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(3), 284-306.
8. Cristina, M., Caperchione., Mitch, J., Duncan, M. K., Steele, R., & Schofield, G. (2008). Mediating relationship between body mass index and the direct measures of the Theory of planned behaviour on physical activity intention. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 13(2), 168-179.
9. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109-134.
10. Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62(1), 119-142.
11. Dishman, R. K., Motl, R. W., Sallis, J. F., Dunn, A. L., Birnbaum, A. S., Welk, G. J., …, & Jobe, J. B. (2005). Self-management strategies mediate selfefficacy and physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29(1), 10-18.
12. Foley, L., Prapavessis, H., Maddison, R., Burke, S., McGowan, E., & Gillanders, L. (2008). Predicting physical activity intention and behavior in school-age children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 20(3), 342-356.
13. Fortier, M. S., Kowal, J., Lemyre, L., & Orpana, H. M. (2009). Intentions and actual physical activity behavior change in a community-based sample of middle-aged women: Contributions from the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 46-67.
14. George, M., Eys, M., Oddson, B., Roy‐Charland, A., Schinke, R., & Bruner, M. (2013). The role of self‐determination in the relationship between social support and physical activity intentions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(6), 1333-1341.
15. Godin, G., Desharnais, R., Valois, P., & Bradet. (1995). Combining behavioral and motivational dimensions to identify and characterize the stages in the process of adherence to exercise. Psychology and Health, 10(4), 333-344.
16. Godin, G., & Shephard R. J. (1985). A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10(3), 141-146.
17. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38(6), 69-119.
18. Gronhoj, A., Bech-Larsen, T., Chan, K., & Tsang, L. (2013). Using theory of planned behavior to predict healthy eating among danish adolescents. Health Education, 113(1), 4-17.
19. Gutiérrez-Doña, B., Lippke, S., Renner, B., Kwon, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2009). How self-efficacy and planning predict dietary behaviors in Costa Rican and South Korean women: A moderated mediation analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 1(1), 91-104.
20. Hagger, M., & Chatzisarantis N. L. D. (2009). Integrating the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory in health behavior: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 275–302.
21. Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2007). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (Vol. 1). Champaign, United States: Human Kinetics.
22. Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2002). The influence of autonomous and controlling motives on physical activity intentions within the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7(3), 283–297.
23. Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Harris, J. (2006). From psychological need satisfaction to intentional behaviour: Testing a motivational sequence in two behavioural contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 131-138.
24. Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2001). The influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on the physical activity intentions of young people. Journal of Sport Science, 19(9), 711–725.
25. Hamilton, K., Cox, S., & White, K. M. (2012). Testing a model of physical activity among mothers and fathers of young children: integrating self-determined motivation, planning, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(1), 124-145.
26. Jaakkola, T., & Washington T. L. (2011). Measured and perceived physical fitness, intention, and self-reported physical activity in adolescence. Advances in Physical Education, 1(2), 16-22.
27. Lippke, S., Wiedemann, A. U., Ziegelmann, J. P., Reuter, T., & Schwarzer, R. (2009). Self-efficacy moderates the mediation of intentions into behavior via plans. American Journal of Health Behavior, 33(5), 521-529.
28. Luszczynska, A., Sheng Cao, D., Mallach, N., & Pietron, K. (2010). Intention, planning, and self-efficacy predict physical activity in Chinese and Polish adolescents: Two moderated mediation analyses. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10(2), 265-278.
29. Maddux, J. E. (1995). Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application (Vol. 1). New York, LLC: Springer US.
30. Manstead, A. S. R., & Van Eekelen, S. A. M. (1998). Distinguishing between perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy in the domain of academic achievement intentions and behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(15), 1375–1392.
31. Norman, P., & Conner, M. (2005). The Theory of Planned Behavior and exercise: Evidence for the mediating and moderating roles of planning on intention-behavior relationships. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27(4), 488-504.
32. Pickett, L. L., Ginsburg, H. J., Mendez, R. V., Lim, D. E., Blankenship, K. R., Foster, L. E., Lewis, D. H., Ramon, S. W., & Sheffield, S. B. (2012). Ajzen's theory of planned behavior as it relates to eating disorders and body satisfaction. North American Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 339-354.
33. Pihu, M., Hein, V., Koka, A., & Hagger, M. S. (2008). How students´ perceptions of teacher´s autonomy-supportive hehaviours affect physical activity behaviour: An application of transcontextual model. European Journal of Sport Science, 8, 193-204.
34. Poobalan, A., Aucott, S. L., Clarke, A., & Smith, W. C. (2012). Physical activity attitudes, intentions and behaviour among 18–25 year olds: A mixed method study. BMC Public Health, 12(640). doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-640.
35. Rajabi, Q. R. (2006). The study of the stability and reliability of the scales of the general self-efficiency beliefs among students of psychology major at faculty of psychology and education of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and Islamic Azad University-Marvdasht Branch. Modern Educational Thoughts, 2(1), 111-122.
36. Ramezanzade, H., & Arabnarmi B. (2016). Prediction stage of exercise behavior change based of decisional balance and self-efficacy. Research on Education Sport, 4(10), 97-114. (In Persian).
37. Ramezanzade, H., & Arabnarmi B. (2017). Evaluation of the relationship between causality orientation and decisional balance at different stages of exercise behavior change. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17(2), 458-465.
38. Rhodes, R. E., Blanchard, C. M., & Blacklock, R. E. (2008). Do physical activity beliefs differ by age and gender? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(3), 412-423.
39. Rose, E. A., Markland, D., & Parfitt, G. (2001). The development and initial validation of the exercise causality orientations scale. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(6), 445-462.
40. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
41. Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., & Taylor, W. C. (2000). A review of cor-relates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), 963-975.
42. Sarrazin, P., Vallerand, R. J., Guillet, E., Pelletier, L. G., & Cury, F. (2002). Motivation and dropout in female handballers: A 21-month prospective study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(3), 395–418.
43. Scholl, R. (2002). The transtheoretical model of behavior change. American Journal of Health Behavior, 25(1), 33-41.
44. Scholz, U., Nagy, G., Göhner, W., Luszczynska, A., & Kliegel, M. (2009). Changes in self -regulatory cognitions as predictors of changes in smoking and nutrition behavior. Psychology and Health, 24(1), 545-561.
45. Schwartz, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J.Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user's Portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.
46. Schwarzer, R., Luszczynska, A., Ziegelmann, J. P., Scholz, U., and Lippke, S. (2008). Social cognitive predictors of physical exercise adherence: Three longitudinal studies in rehabilitation. Health Psychology, 27(1), 854-863.
47. Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention-behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. European Review of Social Psychology, 12(1), 1-36.
48. Shen, B., McCaughtry, N., & Martin, J. (2007). The influence of self-determination in physical education on leisure-time physical activity behavior. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 328-338.
49. Sniehotta, F. F. (2009). Towards a theory of intentional behavior change: Plans, planning and self-regulation. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 261-273.
50. Standage, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2003). A model of contextual motivation in physical education: Using constructs from self-determination and achievement goal theories to predict physical activity intentions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), 97–110.
51. Terry, D. J., & O’Leary, J. E. (1995). The theory of planned behavior: the effects of perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy. Journal of Social Psychoogyl, 34(2), 199–220.
52. Vallerand, R. J. (2007). A hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for sport and physical activity. In M. S. Hagger & N. L. D. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp. 255-279, 356-363). champaign, IL, US: Human Kinetics.
53. Wang, L., & Wang, L. (2015). Using theory of planned behavior to predict the physical activity of children: Probing gender differences. BioMed Research International, 1, 1-9.
54. Wiedemann, A. U., Schüz, B., Sniehotta, F. F., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2009). Disentangling the relation between intentions, planning, and behaviour: A moderated mediation analysis. Psychology and Health, 24(1), 67-79.
55. Wilson, P. M., & Rodgers, W. M. (2004). The relationship between perceived autonomy support, exercise regulations and behavioral intentions in women. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(3), 229–242.
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
3. Beville, J. M., Umstattd Meyer, M. R., Usdan, S., & Lian, B. (2013). Gender differences in college leisure time physical activity: Application of the theory of planned behavior and integrated behavioral model. Journal of American College Health, 62(3), 173-184.
4. Brickell, T. A., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Pretty, G. M. (2006). Augmenting the validity of the theory of planned Bbhavior in predicting exercise. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(1), 51-63.
5. Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Hagger, M. S., & Smith, B. (2007). Influences of perceived autonomy support on physical activity within the theory of planned behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(5), 934-954.
6. Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Hagger, M. S., Biddle, S. J. H., & Karageorghis, C. (2002). The connitive processes by which perceived locus of causality predicts participation in physical activity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 284-306.
7. Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Hagger, M. S., Biddle, S. J. H., Smith, B., & Wang, J. C. K. (2003). A meta-analysis of perceived locus of causality in exercise, sport, and physical education contexts. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(3), 284-306.
8. Cristina, M., Caperchione., Mitch, J., Duncan, M. K., Steele, R., & Schofield, G. (2008). Mediating relationship between body mass index and the direct measures of the Theory of planned behaviour on physical activity intention. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 13(2), 168-179.
9. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109-134.
10. Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62(1), 119-142.
11. Dishman, R. K., Motl, R. W., Sallis, J. F., Dunn, A. L., Birnbaum, A. S., Welk, G. J., …, & Jobe, J. B. (2005). Self-management strategies mediate selfefficacy and physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29(1), 10-18.
12. Foley, L., Prapavessis, H., Maddison, R., Burke, S., McGowan, E., & Gillanders, L. (2008). Predicting physical activity intention and behavior in school-age children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 20(3), 342-356.
13. Fortier, M. S., Kowal, J., Lemyre, L., & Orpana, H. M. (2009). Intentions and actual physical activity behavior change in a community-based sample of middle-aged women: Contributions from the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 46-67.
14. George, M., Eys, M., Oddson, B., Roy‐Charland, A., Schinke, R., & Bruner, M. (2013). The role of self‐determination in the relationship between social support and physical activity intentions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(6), 1333-1341.
15. Godin, G., Desharnais, R., Valois, P., & Bradet. (1995). Combining behavioral and motivational dimensions to identify and characterize the stages in the process of adherence to exercise. Psychology and Health, 10(4), 333-344.
16. Godin, G., & Shephard R. J. (1985). A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10(3), 141-146.
17. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38(6), 69-119.
18. Gronhoj, A., Bech-Larsen, T., Chan, K., & Tsang, L. (2013). Using theory of planned behavior to predict healthy eating among danish adolescents. Health Education, 113(1), 4-17.
19. Gutiérrez-Doña, B., Lippke, S., Renner, B., Kwon, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2009). How self-efficacy and planning predict dietary behaviors in Costa Rican and South Korean women: A moderated mediation analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 1(1), 91-104.
20. Hagger, M., & Chatzisarantis N. L. D. (2009). Integrating the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory in health behavior: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 275–302.
21. Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2007). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (Vol. 1). Champaign, United States: Human Kinetics.
22. Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2002). The influence of autonomous and controlling motives on physical activity intentions within the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7(3), 283–297.
23. Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Harris, J. (2006). From psychological need satisfaction to intentional behaviour: Testing a motivational sequence in two behavioural contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 131-138.
24. Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2001). The influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on the physical activity intentions of young people. Journal of Sport Science, 19(9), 711–725.
25. Hamilton, K., Cox, S., & White, K. M. (2012). Testing a model of physical activity among mothers and fathers of young children: integrating self-determined motivation, planning, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(1), 124-145.
26. Jaakkola, T., & Washington T. L. (2011). Measured and perceived physical fitness, intention, and self-reported physical activity in adolescence. Advances in Physical Education, 1(2), 16-22.
27. Lippke, S., Wiedemann, A. U., Ziegelmann, J. P., Reuter, T., & Schwarzer, R. (2009). Self-efficacy moderates the mediation of intentions into behavior via plans. American Journal of Health Behavior, 33(5), 521-529.
28. Luszczynska, A., Sheng Cao, D., Mallach, N., & Pietron, K. (2010). Intention, planning, and self-efficacy predict physical activity in Chinese and Polish adolescents: Two moderated mediation analyses. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10(2), 265-278.
29. Maddux, J. E. (1995). Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application (Vol. 1). New York, LLC: Springer US.
30. Manstead, A. S. R., & Van Eekelen, S. A. M. (1998). Distinguishing between perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy in the domain of academic achievement intentions and behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(15), 1375–1392.
31. Norman, P., & Conner, M. (2005). The Theory of Planned Behavior and exercise: Evidence for the mediating and moderating roles of planning on intention-behavior relationships. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27(4), 488-504.
32. Pickett, L. L., Ginsburg, H. J., Mendez, R. V., Lim, D. E., Blankenship, K. R., Foster, L. E., Lewis, D. H., Ramon, S. W., & Sheffield, S. B. (2012). Ajzen's theory of planned behavior as it relates to eating disorders and body satisfaction. North American Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 339-354.
33. Pihu, M., Hein, V., Koka, A., & Hagger, M. S. (2008). How students´ perceptions of teacher´s autonomy-supportive hehaviours affect physical activity behaviour: An application of transcontextual model. European Journal of Sport Science, 8, 193-204.
34. Poobalan, A., Aucott, S. L., Clarke, A., & Smith, W. C. (2012). Physical activity attitudes, intentions and behaviour among 18–25 year olds: A mixed method study. BMC Public Health, 12(640). doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-640.
35. Rajabi, Q. R. (2006). The study of the stability and reliability of the scales of the general self-efficiency beliefs among students of psychology major at faculty of psychology and education of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and Islamic Azad University-Marvdasht Branch. Modern Educational Thoughts, 2(1), 111-122.
36. Ramezanzade, H., & Arabnarmi B. (2016). Prediction stage of exercise behavior change based of decisional balance and self-efficacy. Research on Education Sport, 4(10), 97-114. (In Persian).
37. Ramezanzade, H., & Arabnarmi B. (2017). Evaluation of the relationship between causality orientation and decisional balance at different stages of exercise behavior change. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17(2), 458-465.
38. Rhodes, R. E., Blanchard, C. M., & Blacklock, R. E. (2008). Do physical activity beliefs differ by age and gender? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(3), 412-423.
39. Rose, E. A., Markland, D., & Parfitt, G. (2001). The development and initial validation of the exercise causality orientations scale. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19(6), 445-462.
40. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
41. Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., & Taylor, W. C. (2000). A review of cor-relates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), 963-975.
42. Sarrazin, P., Vallerand, R. J., Guillet, E., Pelletier, L. G., & Cury, F. (2002). Motivation and dropout in female handballers: A 21-month prospective study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(3), 395–418.
43. Scholl, R. (2002). The transtheoretical model of behavior change. American Journal of Health Behavior, 25(1), 33-41.
44. Scholz, U., Nagy, G., Göhner, W., Luszczynska, A., & Kliegel, M. (2009). Changes in self -regulatory cognitions as predictors of changes in smoking and nutrition behavior. Psychology and Health, 24(1), 545-561.
45. Schwartz, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J.Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user's Portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.
46. Schwarzer, R., Luszczynska, A., Ziegelmann, J. P., Scholz, U., and Lippke, S. (2008). Social cognitive predictors of physical exercise adherence: Three longitudinal studies in rehabilitation. Health Psychology, 27(1), 854-863.
47. Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention-behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. European Review of Social Psychology, 12(1), 1-36.
48. Shen, B., McCaughtry, N., & Martin, J. (2007). The influence of self-determination in physical education on leisure-time physical activity behavior. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 328-338.
49. Sniehotta, F. F. (2009). Towards a theory of intentional behavior change: Plans, planning and self-regulation. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 261-273.
50. Standage, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2003). A model of contextual motivation in physical education: Using constructs from self-determination and achievement goal theories to predict physical activity intentions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), 97–110.
51. Terry, D. J., & O’Leary, J. E. (1995). The theory of planned behavior: the effects of perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy. Journal of Social Psychoogyl, 34(2), 199–220.
52. Vallerand, R. J. (2007). A hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for sport and physical activity. In M. S. Hagger & N. L. D. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp. 255-279, 356-363). champaign, IL, US: Human Kinetics.
53. Wang, L., & Wang, L. (2015). Using theory of planned behavior to predict the physical activity of children: Probing gender differences. BioMed Research International, 1, 1-9.
54. Wiedemann, A. U., Schüz, B., Sniehotta, F. F., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2009). Disentangling the relation between intentions, planning, and behaviour: A moderated mediation analysis. Psychology and Health, 24(1), 67-79.
55. Wilson, P. M., & Rodgers, W. M. (2004). The relationship between perceived autonomy support, exercise regulations and behavioral intentions in women. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(3), 229–242.
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