Document Type : Original research study
Authors
1 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Department of Physical Education, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Sport Science Research Institute of Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Department of Physical Education, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of peripheral fatigue on temporal properties of mental imagery among unskilled and skilled swimmers. To this end, 30 male swimmers (15 skilled and 15 unskilled) in age range of 18 to 24 years old were randomly selected and their imagery duration (internal visual, external visual, kinesthetic) in the 100 meters front crawl before and after peripheral fatigue (free style swimming exercise with 70% of maximum heart rate intensity until exhaustion) were measured. The data were analyzed using mixed Anova at 95% confidence level. Based on the results, imagery accuracy of skilled athletes was higher than unskilled and timing error in kinesthetic imagery was more than visual imagery. The fatigue enhanced timing error for all three imagery types and both unskilled and skilled groups. Conclusion is that controlling of imagery timing in fatigue condition is necessary for interventions’ effectiveness.
Keywords
Main Subjects
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2. Borg, G. (1998) Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
3. Boschker, M. S. J., Bakker, F. C., & Rietberg, M. B. (2000). Retroactive interference effects of mentally imagined movement speed. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 593-603.
4. Callow, N., & Hardy, L. (2004). The relationship between kinesthetic imagery and different visual imagery perspectives. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 167-77.
5. Calmels, C., & Fournier, J. F. (2001). Duration of physical and mental execution of gymnastic routines. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 142-50.
6. Calmels, C., Holmes, P., Lopez, E., & Naman, V. (2006). Chronometric comparison of actual and imaged complex movement patterns. Journal of Motor Behavior, 38, 339-48.
7. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
8. Courtine, G., Papaxanthis, C., Gentili, R., & Pozzo, T. (2004). Gait-dependent motor memory facilitation in covert movement execution. Cognitive Brain Research, 22, 67–75.
9. Cumming, J., & Ramsey, R. (2008). Imagery interventions in sport. In S. Mellalieu & S. Hanton (Eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology: A review (pp. 5–36). London, UK: Routledge.
10. Decety, J., & Boisson, D. (1990). Effect of brain and spinal cord injuries on motor imagery. European Archives in Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 240, 39-43.
11. Demougeot, L., & Papaxanthis, C. (2011). Muscle fatigue affects mental simulation of action. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 10712–20.
12. Di Rienzo, F., Collet, C., Hoyek, N., & Guillot, A. (2012). Selective effect of physical fatigue on motor imagery accuracy. PLoS ONE, 7(10), 47207.
13. Driskell, J. E., Copper, C., & Moran, A. (1994). Does mental practice enhance performance? Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 481–92.
14. Ehrsson, H. H., Geyer, S., & Naito, E. (2003). Imagery of voluntary movement of fingers, toes, and tongue activates corresponding body-part-specific motor representations. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90, 3304 –16.
15. Enoka, R. M. (1994). Neuromechanical Basis of Kinesiology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
16. Fadiga, L., & Craighero, L. (2004). Electrophysiology of action representation. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 21, 157–69.
17. Feltz, D. L., & Landers, D. M. (1983). The effects of mental practice on motor skill learning and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 25-57.
18. Fery, Y. A. (2003). Differentiating visual and kinesthetic imagery in mental practice. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 1-10.
19. Gandevia, S. C. (2001). Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue. Physiological Reviews, 81, 1725–89.
20. Gandevia, S. C., Allen, G. M., Butler, J. E., & Taylor, J. L. (1996). Supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue: Evidence for a suboptimal output from the motor cortex. Journal of Physiology, 490, 529–36.
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22. Gentili, R., Han, C. E., Schweighofer, N., & Papaxanthis, C. (2010). Motor learning without doing: Trial-by-trial improvement in motor performance during mental training. Journal of Neurophysiology, 104, 774-83.
23. Grangeon, M., Guillot, A., & Collet, C. (2011). Postural control during visual and kinesthetic motor imagery. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 36, 47–56.
24. Gueugneau, N., Mauvieux, B., & Papaxanthis, C. (2009). Circadian modulation of mentally simulated motor actions: implications for the potential use of motor imagery in rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 23, 237–45.
25. Guillot, A., & Collet, C. (2005). Duration of mentally simulated movement: A review. Journal of Motor Behavior, 37, 10-20.
26. Guillot, A., & Collet, C. (2008). Construction of the motor imagery integrative model in sport: A review and theoretical investigation of motor imagery use. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, 31-44.
27. Guillot, A., & Collet, C. (2008). Construction of the motor imagery integrative model in sport: A review and theoretical investigation of motor imagery use. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, 31–44.
28. Guillot, A., Collet, C., & Dittmar, A. (2004). Relationship between visual vs. kinesthetic imagery, field dependence-independence and complex motor skills. Journal of Psychophysiology, 18, 190-9.
29. Guillot, A., Haguenauer, M., Dittmar, A., & Collet, C. (2005). Effect of a fatiguing protocol on motor imagery accuracy. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(2-3), 186-90.
30. Guillot, A., Hoyek, N., Louis, M., & Collet, C. (2012). Understanding the timing of motor imagery: Recent findings and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5, 3-22.
31. Guillot, A., Louis, M., & Collet, C. (2009). Neural mechanisms for expertise in mental imagery. Cognitive Sciences, 4, 31-48.
32. Guillot, A., Louis, M., & Collet, C. (2010). Neurophysiological substrates of motor imagery ability. In A. Guillot & C. Collet (Eds.), The neurophysiological foundations of mental and motor imagery (pp. 109-123). New-York: Oxford University Press.
33. Hardy, L., & Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 21(2), 95–112.
34. Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (1996).Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers. West Sussex, England: Wiley.
35. Holmes, P. S., & Collins, D. J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 60-83.
36. Howard, R. M., Shea, C. H., & Herbert, W. G. (1982). The effect of fatigue on the control of a coincident timing response. Journal of General Psychology, 106, 263–271.
37. Jeannerod, M. (2001). Neural simulation of action: a unifying mechanism for motor cognition. Neuroimage, 14, 103–9.
38. Johnson, S. H. (2000). Thinking ahead: The case for motor imagery in prospective judgments of prehension. Cognition, 74, 33-70.
39. Kanthack, T. F. D., Guillot, A., Altimari, L. R., Nunez Nagy, S., Collet, C., & Di Rienzo, F. (2016). Selective efficacy of static and dynamic imagery in different states of physical fatigue. PLoS ONE, 11(3), 149654.
40. Kawato, M. (1999). Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 9, 718 –27.
41. Kirkendall, D. T. (1990). Mechanisms of peripheral fatigue. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 22, 444–9.
42. Lorey, B., Bischoff, M., Pilgramm, S., Stark, R., Munzert, J., & Zentgraf, K. (2009). The embodied nature of motor imagery: The influence of posture and perspective. Experimental Brain Research, 194, 233–43.
43. Lotze, M., Scheler, G., Tan, H. R. M., Braun, C., & Birbaumer, N. (2003). The musician’s brain: Functional imaging of amateurs and professionals during performance and imagery. NeuroImage, 20, 1817-29.
44. Louis, M., Collet, C., Champely, S., & Guillot, A. (2012). Differences in motor imagery time when predicting task duration in alpine skiers and equestrian riders. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83(1), 86-93.
45. Louis, M., Guillot, A., Maton, S., Doyon, J., & Collet, C. (2008). Effect of imagined movement speed on subsequent motor performance. Journal of Motor Behavior, 40, 117-32.
46. MacIntyre, T., & Moran, A. (1996). Imagery validation: How do we know athletes are imaging during mental practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8, 132.
47. Macuga, K. L., & Frey, S. H. (2012). Neural representations involved in observed, imagined, and imitated actions are dissociable and hierarchically organized. Neuroimage, 59, 2798–807.
48. Mahoney, M., & Avener, M. (1977). Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 135–41.
49. Malouin, F., Richards, C. L., Desrosiers, J., & Doyon, J. (2004). Bilateral slowing of mentally simulated actions after stroke. Neuroreport, 15, 1349-53.
50. Miall, R. C., & Wolpert, D. M. (1996). Forward models for physiological motor control. Neural Networks, 9, 1265-79.
51. Millet, G. Y., Lepers, R., Maffiuletti, N. A.,Babault, N., Martin, V., & Lattier, G. (2002). Alterations of neuromuscular function after an ultramarathon. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 486–92.
52. Milton, J., Small, S. L., & Solodkin, A. (2008). Imaging motor imagery: Methodological issues related to expertise. Methods, 45, 336-41.
53. Moran, A. (1993). Conceptual and methodological issues in the measurement of mental imagery skills in athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 16, 156-70.
54. Morris, T. (1997). Psychological skills training in sport: An overview (2nd Ed.). Leeds: National Coaching Foundation.
55. Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
56. Munzert, J. (2008). Does level of expertise influence imagery durations in open skills? Played versus imagined durations of badminton sequences. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 24-38.
57. Munzert, J., Lorey, B., & Zentgraf, K. (2009). Cognitive motor processes: The role of motor imagery in the study of motor representations. Brain Research Reviews, 60, 306–26.
58. Murphy, S. M., Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2008). Imagery in sport, exercise and dance. In T. Horn (Ed.), Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 297-324). Champagne, IL: Human Kinetics.
59. O, J., & Munroe-Chandler, K. J. (2008). The effects of image speed on the performance of a soccer task. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 1-17.
60. O, J., & Hall, C. (2009). A quantitative analysis of athletes’ voluntarily use of slow-motion, real time and fast motion images. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 15-30.
61. Oishi, K., Kasai, T., & Maeshima, T. (2000). Autonomic response specificity during motor imagery. Journal of Physiology and Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 19, 255-61.
62. Orliaguet, J. P., & Coello, Y. (1998). Differences between actual and imagined putting movements in golf: A chronometric analysis. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29, 157-69.
63. Paillard, T. (2012). Effects of general and local fatigue on postural control: A review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 162–76.
64. Reed, C. L. (2002). Chronometric comparisons of imagery to action: Visualizing versus physically performing springboard dives. Memory and Cognition, 30, 1169-78.
65. Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D., & Bringer, J. (2008). Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 200-21.
66. Ross, J. S., Tkach, J., Ruggieri, P. M., Lieber, M., & Lapresto, E. (2003). The mind’s eye: Functional MR imaging of golf motor imagery. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 24, 1036-44.
67. Rostami, M., Rahnama, N., Sohrabi, M., Khayambashi, K., & Bambae, A. (2011). The study of validity and reliability of the Persian version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire-second version. Olympic, 54, 129-39. (In Persian)
68. Roure, R., Collet, C., Deschaumes-Molinaro, C., Delhomme, G., Dittmar, A., Vernet-Maury, E. (1999). Imagery quality estimated by autonomic response is correlated to sporting performance enhancement. Physiology & Behavior, 66, 63–72.
69. Schmid, M., Schieppati, M., & Pozzo, T. (2006). Effect of fatigue on the precision of a whole-body pointing task. Neuroscience, 139, 909–20.
70. Schmidt, R. A. (1975). A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 82, 225-60.
71. Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (1999). Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
72. Sirigu, A., Duhamel, J. R., Cohen, L., Pillon, B., Dubois, B., & Agid, L. (1996). The mental representation of hand movements after parietal cortex damage. Science, 273, 1564-8.
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