Document Type : Original research study
Authors
1 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University
2 M.A. of Motor Behavior, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of self-talk functions on anxiety, self-confidence and performance of badminton long serve. therefore, 30 girl students voluntarily participated in this study, and were assigned into three groups including instructional self-talk, motivational self-talk, and control groups according to pretest scores. Participants used instructional and motivational statements before skill execution in acquisition phase. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) was completed in pretest and posttest. Results indicated that self-confidence and performance of motivational self-talk group were significantly greater than instructional self-talk and control groups in post-test, self-confidence improved in instructional and motivational self-talk groups significantly, and motivational self-talk group showed improvement in performance significantly. Finally, performance of badminton long serve was significantly predicted by self-confidence. The results suggested that motivational self-talk can be used to enhance self-confidence and performance and increases in self-confidence can explain the facilitating effects of self-talk on performance.
Keywords
Main Subjects
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4. Blanchfield, A., Hardy, J., de Morree, H. M., Staiano, W., & Marcora, S. M. (2014). Talking yourself out of exhaustion: Effects of self-talk on perceived exertion and endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 46, 998-1007.
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7. Ellis, A. (1976). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. (pp.106). New York: Lyle Stuart.
8. Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2016). Why self-talk is effective? Perspectives on self-talk mechanisms in sport. In M. Raab, P. Wylleman, R. Seiler, A. M. Elbe, & A. Hatzigeorgiadis (Eds.), Sport and exercise psychology research from theory to practice (pp. ). : Elsevier.
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14. Hardy, J., Oliver, E., & Tod, D. (2009). A framework for the study and application of self-talk in sport. In: S. D. Mellalieu, & S. Hanton (Eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology: A review (pp. 37–74). London: Routledge.
15. Hardy, J., & Zourbanos, N. (2016). Self-talk in sport. In R. Shinke, K. McGannon, & B. Smith. (Eds.). The Routledge international handbook of sport psychology (pp. 449-459). Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.
16. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Theodorakis, Y., & Zourbanos, N. (2004). Self-talk in the swimming pool: The effects of self-talk on thought content and performance on water-polo tasks. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(2), 138-150
17. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Goltsios, C., & Theodorakis, Y. (2008). Exploring the functions of self-talk: The mediating role of self-efficacy on the self-talk performance relationship in young tennis players. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 458-471.
18. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the self-talk – performance relationship: The effects of self-talk on selfconfidence and anxiety. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 10, 186-192.
19. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Latinjak, A., & Theodorakis, Y. (2014). Self-talk. In A. Papaioannou,& D. Hackfort (Eds.), Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology: Global perspectives and fundamental concepts (pp. 372–385). London: Taylor & Francis.
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21. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Bartura, K., Argyropoulos, C., komoutos, N., Zourbanos, N., & Flouris, A. (2018). Beat the Heat: Effects of a Motivational Self-Talk Intervention on Endurance Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,30(4), 388-401.
2. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
3. Barbuga, Y. (2015). The examination of self-talk ability of elite fencers. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 3(3), 189-195.
4. Blanchfield, A., Hardy, J., de Morree, H. M., Staiano, W., & Marcora, S. M. (2014). Talking yourself out of exhaustion: Effects of self-talk on perceived exertion and endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 46, 998-1007.
5. Chang, Y. K., Ho, L. A., Lu, F. J. H., Ou, C. C., Song, T. F., & Gill, D. L. (2014). Self-talk and softball performance: The role of self-talk nature, motor task characteristics, and self-efficacy in novice softball players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 139-145.
6. Chroni, S., Perkos, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2007). Function and preferences of motivational and instructional self-talk for adulescent basketball players. Sport Psychology, (16), 368 –83.
7. Ellis, A. (1976). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. (pp.106). New York: Lyle Stuart.
8. Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2016). Why self-talk is effective? Perspectives on self-talk mechanisms in sport. In M. Raab, P. Wylleman, R. Seiler, A. M. Elbe, & A. Hatzigeorgiadis (Eds.), Sport and exercise psychology research from theory to practice (pp. ). : Elsevier.
9. Gould, D., Petlichkoff, L., Simons, J., & Vevera, M. (1987). Relationship between competitive state anxiety inventory-2 subscale scores and pistol shooting performance. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 33–42.
10. Gould, D., Petlichkoff, L., & Weinberg, R. S. (1984). Antecedents of, temporal changes in, and relationships between CSAI-2 subcomponents. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 289–304
11. Hackfort, D., & Schwenkmezger, P. (1989). Measuring anxiety in sports: Perspectives and problems. In D. Hackfort, & C. D. Speilberger (Eds.), Anxiety in sports: An international perspective (pp. 55-74). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
12. Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers. Chichester: Wiley.
13. Hardy, J., Gammage, K., & Hall, C. (2001). A descriptive study of athlete self-talk. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 306-318.
14. Hardy, J., Oliver, E., & Tod, D. (2009). A framework for the study and application of self-talk in sport. In: S. D. Mellalieu, & S. Hanton (Eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology: A review (pp. 37–74). London: Routledge.
15. Hardy, J., & Zourbanos, N. (2016). Self-talk in sport. In R. Shinke, K. McGannon, & B. Smith. (Eds.). The Routledge international handbook of sport psychology (pp. 449-459). Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.
16. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Theodorakis, Y., & Zourbanos, N. (2004). Self-talk in the swimming pool: The effects of self-talk on thought content and performance on water-polo tasks. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(2), 138-150
17. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Goltsios, C., & Theodorakis, Y. (2008). Exploring the functions of self-talk: The mediating role of self-efficacy on the self-talk performance relationship in young tennis players. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 458-471.
18. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the self-talk – performance relationship: The effects of self-talk on selfconfidence and anxiety. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 10, 186-192.
19. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Latinjak, A., & Theodorakis, Y. (2014). Self-talk. In A. Papaioannou,& D. Hackfort (Eds.), Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology: Global perspectives and fundamental concepts (pp. 372–385). London: Taylor & Francis.
20. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Galanis, E., Zourbanos, N., Theodorakis, Y. (2015). Self-talk and competitive sport performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26:82-95.
21. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Bartura, K., Argyropoulos, C., komoutos, N., Zourbanos, N., & Flouris, A. (2018). Beat the Heat: Effects of a Motivational Self-Talk Intervention on Endurance Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,30(4), 388-401.
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23. Johnson J., Hrycaiko D. W., Johnson G. V., Hallas J. M. (2004). Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. The Sport Psychologist, (18), 44–59.
24. Kashani, V., & MostafayiFar, E. (2015). Psychometric properties of Persian version of the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. Journal of Sport Psychology Studies, 16, 35- 54. (In Persian).
25. Landin, D., & Hebert, E. P. (1999). The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11(2), 263-282.
26. Marshall, D. V. J., Hanrahan S. J., & Comoutos, N. (2016). The effects of self-talk cues on the putting performance of golfers susceptible to detrimental putting performances under high pressure settings. International Journal of Golf Science, 5(2),116-134.
27. Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R. Bump, L. & Smith, D. (1990). The Development of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey & D. Burton (Eds.). Competitive Anxiety in Sport (pp. 117-190). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
28. Martin, J. J. & Gill, D. L. (1991). The relationships among competitive orientation, sport-confidence, self-efficacy, anxiety, and performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise
Psychology, 13, 149–159.
29. Meichenbaum, D. H. (1977). Cognitive behavior modification: An integrative approach. New York: Plenum.
30. Mellalieu, S, & Hanton, S. (2008). Advances in applied sport psychology: A review. New York: Routledge.
31. Neshati, A. (2016). The study of relationship between self-talk and anxiety With Judo athletic performance. International Journal of Sport Studies, 6(4), 238-243.
32. Perkos, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Chroni, S. (2002). Enhansing performance and skill acquisition in novice basketball players with instruction self talk. The Sport Psychologist, (16): 368-83.
33. Raab, M., Wylleman, P., Seiler, R., Elbe A. M., Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2016). Sport and exercise psychology research from theory to practice. (pp. 37–74). London: Elsevier.
34. Rezaee, F., Farokhi, A., & Bagherzadeh, F. (2012). The effect of motivational self-talk on simple and complex motor skills in Basketball. Motor Development and Learning Journal, 10, 29- 44. (In Persian).
35. Rokke, P. D., & Rehm, L. P. (2001). Self-management therapies. In K. S. Donson (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (pp. 173–210). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
36. Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2003). Self-regulation and learning. In W. M. Reynolds, &
G. E. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Educational psychology (pp. 59–78). Hoboken,
NJ: Wiley.
37. Tahmasebiborojeni, S. H., Shahbazi, M. (2011).The effect of instructional and motivational self-talk on performance of basketballs motor skill. Prosedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3113-7.
38. Theodorakis, Y., Weinberg, R., Natsis P., Douma, E., & Kazakas, P. (2000). The effects of motivational versus instructional ST on improving motor performance. The Sport Psychologist, 14, 253–272.
39. Theodorakis, Y., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Chroni, S. (2008). Self-talk: It works, but how? Development and preliminary validation of the functions of self-talk questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,12(1), 10-30.
40. Van Raalte, J. L., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2016). Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 139-148.
41. Woodman, T., & Hardy, L. (2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and selfconfidence upon sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 443–457.
42. Zetou, E., Vernadakis, N., Bebetsos, E., & Makrari, E. (2012). The effect of self-talk in learning the volleyball service skill and self-efficacy improvement. Journal of Human Sport and Exercize, 7(4), 794 - 805
43. Zimmernam, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 451–502). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
23. Johnson J., Hrycaiko D. W., Johnson G. V., Hallas J. M. (2004). Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. The Sport Psychologist, (18), 44–59.
24. Kashani, V., & MostafayiFar, E. (2015). Psychometric properties of Persian version of the revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. Journal of Sport Psychology Studies, 16, 35- 54. (In Persian).
25. Landin, D., & Hebert, E. P. (1999). The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11(2), 263-282.
26. Marshall, D. V. J., Hanrahan S. J., & Comoutos, N. (2016). The effects of self-talk cues on the putting performance of golfers susceptible to detrimental putting performances under high pressure settings. International Journal of Golf Science, 5(2),116-134.
27. Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R. Bump, L. & Smith, D. (1990). The Development of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey & D. Burton (Eds.). Competitive Anxiety in Sport (pp. 117-190). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
28. Martin, J. J. & Gill, D. L. (1991). The relationships among competitive orientation, sport-confidence, self-efficacy, anxiety, and performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise
Psychology, 13, 149–159.
29. Meichenbaum, D. H. (1977). Cognitive behavior modification: An integrative approach. New York: Plenum.
30. Mellalieu, S, & Hanton, S. (2008). Advances in applied sport psychology: A review. New York: Routledge.
31. Neshati, A. (2016). The study of relationship between self-talk and anxiety With Judo athletic performance. International Journal of Sport Studies, 6(4), 238-243.
32. Perkos, S., Theodorakis, Y., & Chroni, S. (2002). Enhansing performance and skill acquisition in novice basketball players with instruction self talk. The Sport Psychologist, (16): 368-83.
33. Raab, M., Wylleman, P., Seiler, R., Elbe A. M., Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2016). Sport and exercise psychology research from theory to practice. (pp. 37–74). London: Elsevier.
34. Rezaee, F., Farokhi, A., & Bagherzadeh, F. (2012). The effect of motivational self-talk on simple and complex motor skills in Basketball. Motor Development and Learning Journal, 10, 29- 44. (In Persian).
35. Rokke, P. D., & Rehm, L. P. (2001). Self-management therapies. In K. S. Donson (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (pp. 173–210). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
36. Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2003). Self-regulation and learning. In W. M. Reynolds, &
G. E. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Educational psychology (pp. 59–78). Hoboken,
NJ: Wiley.
37. Tahmasebiborojeni, S. H., Shahbazi, M. (2011).The effect of instructional and motivational self-talk on performance of basketballs motor skill. Prosedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3113-7.
38. Theodorakis, Y., Weinberg, R., Natsis P., Douma, E., & Kazakas, P. (2000). The effects of motivational versus instructional ST on improving motor performance. The Sport Psychologist, 14, 253–272.
39. Theodorakis, Y., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Chroni, S. (2008). Self-talk: It works, but how? Development and preliminary validation of the functions of self-talk questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,12(1), 10-30.
40. Van Raalte, J. L., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2016). Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 139-148.
41. Woodman, T., & Hardy, L. (2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and selfconfidence upon sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 443–457.
42. Zetou, E., Vernadakis, N., Bebetsos, E., & Makrari, E. (2012). The effect of self-talk in learning the volleyball service skill and self-efficacy improvement. Journal of Human Sport and Exercize, 7(4), 794 - 805
43. Zimmernam, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 451–502). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
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