Document Type : Original research study
Authors
1 1- Assistant professor in counseling, Psychology Department, Nourabad Higher Education Center, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
2 2- MA student in psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, South Branch, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
The aim of present study was to examine the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Therapy on job stress and job self-efficacy. The statistical population included all physical education instructors in swimming, volleyball and basketball in Qom Department of Physical Education. In this pretest–posttest experimental research with control group, 30 instructors were selected through convenience sampling method and randomly divided into experimental group and control group. The experimental group underwent eight–sessions of mindfulness-based therapy program and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were collected using Job Stress Questionnaire and self-efficacy questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The results showed a significant difference in job stress and job self- efficacy (between the experimental and control groups after the intervention. Therefore, using mindfulness-based therapy techniques is effective in reducing job stress and increasing job self-efficacy among physical education instructors.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Ahmadvand, Z., Heydarinasab, L., & Shairi, M .R. (2012). Prediction of Psychological Well –Being Based on the Comonents of Mindfulness. Health Psychology, 1(2), 60-69.
- Alavi Dehkordi, M. (2013). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training on Mental Health and Signs of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans Hospital in Shahid Rajaee Hospital in Isfahan. Master's thesis, Payame Noor University (Ministry of Science, Research and Technology), Payame Noor University of Tehran.
- Alsam,N., Imran, R., Anwar, M., Hameed., Z., & Atif Kafayat, A. (2013). The Impact of Work Family Conflict on Turnover Intentions: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 24 (5): 628-633.
- Asmaee, A., & Homan, H. (2014). Effect of mindfulness based stress management on reduction of GAD. Iranian journal of public health, 41(10), 24- 39.
- Baer, R. A. (2016). Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches: Clinicians Guide to Evidence Base and Application. USA: Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier.
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a mnifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
- Bandura, A. (2001). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(1), 191-213.
- Barlow, D. H. (2004). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. Guilford press.
- Blustein, D. L. (2009). the role of goal instability and career self-efficacy in the career exploration process. Journal of vocational Behavior, 35,194-203.
- Bowen, S., De Boer, D., & Bergman, A L. (2016). The role of mindfulness as approach-based coping in the PTSD-substance abuse cycle. Addictive Behaviors, 64(1), 212-216.
- Brown, A. (2015). Learning to learn: on tranining students to learn From text. Edu Res, 10(1), 14-24.
- Brown, K., Ryan, R., & Creswell, J. (2017). Mindfulness: theoretical foundation and evidence for its salutary effect. Psychological Inquiry, 18(3), 211- 237.
- Brummelhuis, L. L., Bakker, A. B., & Euwema, M. C. (2012). Is work to family interference related to coworkers work outcomes? Journal of vocational behavior, 77, 461- 469.
- Butler, G., & Hope, T. (2011). Mange your mind: the mental fitness guide. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford university Press.
- Carlson, D.S., Grzywacz, J.G., & Kacmar, K.M. (2010). The relationship of Schedule flexibility and outcomes via the work-family interface. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(4), 330-355.
- Day, A. L., & Chamberlain, T. C. (2016). Committing to your work, spouse and children: Implication for work- family conflict. Journal of vocational behavior, 68, 116- 130.
- Duarte, J., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2016). Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention on oncology nurses’ burnout and compassion fatigue symptoms: A non-randomized study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 64(1), 98-107.
- Duncan, B. L., & Miller, S. D. (2010). The heart and soul of change. United States: American psychological association press.
- Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P. (2011). The impact of enhancing students social and emotional learning. Child development, 82, 405- 432.
- Eva, R., Sirpa, S., Tea, L., & Eero, L. (2007). Associations of work? Family conflicts with food habits and physical activity. Public Health Nutrition, 10(3), 222-229.
- Fatehi, F., mohammadi, M., karimian, M., azmon, M., shahabi, H., & gharibi, F. (2015). Job Stress factors and their relationship with self-efficacy and public health nurses and midwives of Beast Hospital. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 2 (3), 100-111.
- Gangi Arjangi, M., Naghy Farahani, M. (2008). The Relationship between Job Stress and Self Efficacy with Life Satisfaction in Gas accident workers from Isfahan Gas Company. Research in psychological health, 2 (3), 15-24.
- Gelamb, G. K. (2011). The effectiveness of mindfulness on quality of life. Behavioral and cognitive Psychotherapy, 33(1), 103- 109.
- Gianakos, I. (2013). Patterns of career choice and career decision-making self-efficacy. Journal of vocational Behavior, 54,244-258.
- Grice, M. (2013). Giving birth and returning to work: The impact of work-family conflict on women’s health after childbirth. Annals of Epidemiology, 17(10), 791-798.
- Habibi, M., & Hanasabzadeh, M. (2013). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness based Art Therapy on Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Quality of Life among Postmenopausal Women. Salmand, 9(1), 22-31.
- Huijbers, M J., Spinhoven, Ph., Spijker, J., Ruhé, H G., & van Schaik, D J.F. (2016). Adding mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to maintenance antidepressant medication for prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depressive disorder: Randomised controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 187(15), 54-61.
- Hülsheger, U., Alberts, H. J., Feinholdt, A., & Lang, J. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: the role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. J Appl Psychol, 98(2), 310-325.
- Jahangirpour, M., Musavi, S, V., Khosrojavid, M., Salari, A., & Rezaei, S. (2013). The effectiveness of group mindfulness training on reducing symptoms of psychopathology and electrocardiographic changes in patients with coronary heart disease. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 15(4), 263-73.
- Johansson, K. (2004). Teacher stress: Direction for future research. Educational Review, 53, 28- 35.
- Judge, T. A. & Bono, j. e. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits – self-esteem, generalized self-ef- ficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied psychology,86(1),80 92.
- Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A. O., Kristeller, J., Peterson, L. G., Fletcher, K. E., Pbert, L., Lenderking, W. R., Santorelli, S. F. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditationbased stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry, (149): 936-943
- Kabat-Zinn, J., & Hanh, T. N. (2009). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress. pain, and illness: Delta.
- Karimzadeh Shirazi, M., Razavieh, A., & Kave, M. (2008). The relationship between quality of life (QOL) and self-efficacy (SE) of the teachers from Shahrekord. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci, 10 (1), 28-35.
- Kim Lian, L., & Guan Tui, I. (2009). Supervisory power bases and job satisfaction: influence of organization size, age difference and job tenure. International reivew of business reseasrch parpers, 5(1), 352-366.
- Leigh, L., Bowen, S., & LanMarlatt, G. A. (2005). Spirituality, mindfulness and substance abuse. Addictive Behaviors, 30(1), 1335-1341.
- Luzzo, D. A. (2015). the relative contributions of self-ef- ficacy and locus of control to the prediction of career maturity. Journal of college student Development,36, 61-66.
- Mankan, T., Erci, B., Turan, G., & Aktürk, Ü. (2017). Turkish validity and reliability of the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 4(3), 239-243.
- Martinez, R. (2001). Competitive conformity effects on performance: Entrepreneurship and radicality in firms competitive profiles. Texas A & M University.
- Mehdad, A., Asadi, A., & Golparvar, M. (2015). The Moderating Role of Religious Beliefs on the Relationship between Nurses’ Job stress and General Health. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 17(2), 15-25.
- Melyani, M., Alahyari, A. A., Azad Falah, P., Fathi Ashtiani, A., & Tavoli, A. (2013). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy on residual symptoms in recurrent Depression. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 7 (2), 17-18.
- Milutinovic. D., Golubovic, B., Brkic, N., & Prokes, B. (2012). Professional stress and health among critical care nurses in Serbia. ArhHigRadaTosikol, 63(1), 171-80.
- Moradkhani, S. (2009). The Relationship of Leadership Style of Coaches with Team Co-ordination of Soccer Players in the Olympiad of Sporting Message Noor Country in 2009. Dissertation of Master Degree of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran.
- Ost, L. G. (2008). Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies:A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 296–321.
- Ramezani Nejad, R., Hosseini Kastan, M., and Ehsani M. (2010). The Relationship Between Coaches' Leadership Styles and Team Criteria of Iran's Premier League Soccer Team. Olympic Games, 18 (1), 1-12.
- Razmi, S., & Nemati sogolitapeh, F. (2011). The Moderating Role of Self- Efficacy in Relationship between Occupational Stress with Psychological Health and Job Satisfaction of Saderat Bank's Staffs of Tabriz. Ioh, 8 (2),17-20.
- Rice, Ph. L. (1992). Job Stress Scale. California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
- Riggs, M. L., & Knight, P. A. (1994). The impact of perceived group success-failure on motivational beliefs and attitudes: A causal model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(5), 755-766.
- Rigotti, T., Schyns, B., & Mohr, G. (2008). A short version of the occupational self-efficacy scale .Structural and construct validity across five countries. journal of Career Assessment, 16(1), 238-255.
- Roos, E., Lahelma, E., & Rahkonen, O. (2016). Work-familyconflicts and drinking behaviors among employed women and men. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 83(1), 49-56.
- Ross, R., & Althumir, A. (2009). Job stress. Translated by Gholamreza Khajehpour, Tehran: Rebecca Publishing.
- Rostami, CH., Jahangirluo, A., Sohrabi, A., & Ahmadian, H. (2016). The role of cognitive flexibility and mindfulness in predicting student Procrastination. Zancu Medical Journal, 17 (53), 50-61.
- Saks, A., Zikic, J., & Koen, J. (2015). Job search self-efficacy: Reconceptualizing the construct and its measurement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 86(1), 104-114.
- Salmani, B. N., Taghavi, L. T., & Sharifi, N. (2004). The method of coping with stress. Journal of Hayat. 10(23), 21- 27.
- Santucci, L. C. (2013). Pilot implementation of computerized CBT in university health setting. Adm policy management Health, 3, 45-76.
- Sheikholeslami, A. (2014). The effect of mindfulness based stress reduction on students' test anxiety. Journal f school psychology, 3(2), 104- 121.
- Soltani Zadeh, M. (2011). Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral, meta-cognitive-behavioral therapy and mind-focused therapy on early ejaculation, marital satisfaction, anxiety and depression in men referred to Isfahan health centers. Thesis of Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Isfahan.
- Suldo, S. M., Shaunessy, E., & Hardesty, R. (2016). Relationships among stress, coping, and mental health in high‐ achieving high school students. Psychology in the Schools, 45, 273-290.
- Takahashi, A. (2017). Job stress in Japanese academia: The role of relative income, time allocation by task, and children. Journal of Asian Economics, 43(1), 12-17.
- Wallace, L., Wilensky, R., Oberle, E., Thomson, K., Taylor, C., & Harrison, J. (2013). Mindfulness training and reductions in teacher stress and burnout: Results from two randomized, waitlist-control field trials. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(1), 787-804.
- Westring, A. F. & Ryan, A. M. (2011). Anticipated work- family conflict: A construct investigation. Journal of vocational behavior, 79, 596- 610.
- Winzelberg, A. l. (2012). The effect of a meditation training in stress levels in school teachers. Stress Medicine, 15, 69- 77.
- Zare, Z. (2014). The effectiveness of mindfulness education is on reducing their thoughts and the inadequate attitude of married unhappy. Thesis of Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Alzahra University.