Document Type : Original research study
Authors
1 Malayer University, Hamadan, Iran
2 Islamic Azad University of Bushehr
Abstract
Psychological problems such as anxiety and mental toughness can cause many issues for the athlete’s performance. This study aimed to examine the effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on competitive anxiety and mental toughness in wrestler adolescents. The research method was quasi-experimental (pretest-posttest with the control group). In this research, 36 Wrestler Adolescents with High competitive anxiety who had low mental toughness scores in Malayer, Iran were randomly assigned in the experimental and control groups. Competitive Anxiety Scale and Mental Toughness Questionnaire were used for collecting the data in pre-test and post-test. MBSR training in 8 sessions was trained for the experimental group. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used for analyzing the data. Results indicated that MBSR had been meaningfully affected on decreasing the competitive anxiety and increasing the self-confidence and mental toughness in wrestler adolescents. According to results, using MBSR is recommended for reducing the competitive anxiety and increasing the self-confidence and mental toughness in wrestler adolescents
Keywords
Main Subjects
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2. Abolghasemi, A., Kiamarsi, A., Ariapooran, S., & Dortaj, F. (2006). Study the relationship between role ambiguity, role conflict and competitive anxiety with sport performance and academic achievement of athlete students. Research and Programing in High Education, 6(6), 18-26. In Persian
3. AfsanehPoorak, S., VaezMousavi, S. M., & Kazem, S. M. (2014). Validity and Reliability of Persian version of mental toughness questionnaire (MTQ48). Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 10(19), 39-54. In Persian
4. Ajilchi, B., Reza Amini, H. R., Pouraghaei Ardakani, Z., Mozafari Zadeh, M., & Kisely, S. (2019). Applying mindfulness training to enhance the mental toughness and emotional intelligence of amateur basketball players. Australasian Psychiatry, 27 (3), 291-296.
5. Amanendra, M., Gurmeet, S., Himanshu, H. (2018). Mental toughness and competitive anxiety between high and low performer’s football players. Health, Sports & Rehabilitation Medicine, 3(1):938- 941.
6. Bakker, A., Cai, J., English, L., Kaiser, G., Vilma Mesa, V., & Van Dooren, W. (2019). Beyond small, medium, or large: points of consideration when interpreting effect sizes. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 102, 1–8
7. Chen, J-H., Tsai, P-H., Lin, Y-C., Chen, C-K., & Chen, C-Y. (2019). Mindfulness training enhances flow state and mental health among baseball players in Taiwan. Psychological Research & Behavioral Management, 12, 15–21
8. Cheung, A. C., & Slavin, R. E. (2016). How methodological features affect effect sizes in education. Educational Researcher, 45(5), 283–292.
9. Chi, X., Bo, A.,Liu, T., Zhang, P., & Chi, I. (2018). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Depression in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1034. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01034
10. Correia, M. E., & Rosado, A. (2018). Fear of failure and anxiety in sport. Análise Psicológica, 36(1), 75-86.
11. Correia, M. E., & Rosado, A. (2019). Anxiety in Athletes: Gender and Type of Sport Differences. International Journal of Psychological Research, 12 (1), 9-17.
12. Cowden, R. G. (2017). Mental toughness and success in sport: A review and prospect. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 10(1), 1-14.
13. Díaz-González, C., Dueñas, C. P., Sánchez-Raya, A., Elvira, J. A. M., & Vázquez, V. S. (2018). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in adolescents with mental disorders: A randomised clinical trial. Psicothema, 30(2), 165-170.
14. Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C., Haglin, D., (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 716–721.
15. Ford, J. L., Ildefonso, K., Jones, M. L., & Arvinen-Barrow, M. (2017). Sport-related anxiety: current insights. Open access journal of sports medicine, 8(1), 205-212.
16. Ghaseminejad, M., Abolghasemi, A., Hajloo, N., & Marimani, M. (2017). Study the role of psychological well-being and mindfulness in predicting the mental toughness in athlete students. Culture in the Islamic University, 7(23), 169-182. In Persian
17. Gill, D. L., Williams, L., & Reifsteck, E. J. (2017). Psychological dynamics of sport and exercise. United States: Human Kinetics.
18. Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of personality, 83(1), 26-44.
19. Gucciardi, D. F., Peeling, P., Ducker, K. J, & Dawson, B. (2016). When the going gets tough: Mental toughness and its relationship with behavioural perseverance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(1), 81-86.
20. Hashim, H. A., & Baghepour, T. (2016). Validating the factorial structure of the Malaysian version of revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2 among young taekwondo athletes. Petranika Journal of Social Science & Humanistic, 24(2), 757-766.
21. Hoja, S.,& Jansen, P. (2019). Mindfulness-based intervention for tennis players: a quasi-experimental pilot study. Short Research Reports, 5:e000584. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000584
22. Jekauc, D., Kittler, C., & Schlagheck, M. (2016). Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention for athletes. Psychology, 8(1), 1-13
23. Jones, G. (2000). Stress and anxiety. In S.J. Bull, Sport Psychology: A self-help guide. Marlborough: Cordwood.
24. Jones, M.I., Parker, J. K. (2018). Mindfulness mediates the relationship between mental toughness and pain catastrophizing in cyclists. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(6),872-881.
25. Kalinin, R., Balázsi, R., Péntek, I., Duică, S., & Hanțiu, L. (2019). Relationship between competitive anxiety and mental toughness: a latent regression analysis. Health, Sports & Rehabilitation Medicine, 20(2), 70-74.
26. Khan, M. K., Khan, A., Khan, S. U., & Khan, S. (2017). Effects of Anxiety on Athletic Performance. Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine, 1(1), 1-5.
27. Liew, G. C., Kuan, G., Chin, N. S., & Hashim, H. A. (2019). Mental toughness in sport: Systematic review and future. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 49, 381-394.
28. Mehrsafar, A. H., Strahler, J., Gazerani, P., Khabiri, M., Sánchez, J. C. J., Moosakhani,A., & Zadeh, A. M. (2019). The effects of mindfulness training on competition-induced anxiety and salivary stress markers in elite Wushu athletes: A pilot study. Physioogy & Behavior. 15;210:112655. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.
29. Naderi, A., Shaabani, F., Zandi, H. G., Calmeiro, L., & Brewer, B. W. (2020). The effects of a mindfulness-based program on the incidence of injuries in young male soccer players. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 42(2), 161-171.
30. Parfitt, G., & Pates, J (1999). The effects of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence on components of performance during competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(5), 351-356.
31. Permadi, D., & Nurwianti, F. (2018). Mindfulness and Coping Skills as Predictors of Competitive Anxiety Amongst Athletes in Indonesia. Anima Indonesian Psychological Journal, 33(4), 231-240.
32. Pons, J., Viladrich, C., Ramis, Y., & Polman, R. (2018). The Mediating Role of Coping between Competitive Anxiety and Sport Commitment in Adolescent Athletes. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21, e7.
33. Raki, S., & Naderi, F. (2019). Effectiveness of mind-fullness based cognitive therapy on emotional cognitive regulation, resiliency and competitive anxiety in female athletes. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(6), 18-26. In Persian
34. Samadi, H. (2019). Investigating the Effectiveness of Mindfulness- Based Intervention on Self-confidence and Levels of Cognitive and Physical Anxiety of Shooters. Report of Health Care, 5(1), 45-53.
35. Scott-Hamilton, J., Schutte, N. S., Moyle, G. M., & Brown, R. F. (2015). The relationships between mindfulness, sport anxiety, pessimistic attributions and flow in competitive cyclists .International journal of sport psychology, 47(2),103-121.
36. Shin, M., Kim, Y., Park, S. (2019). Effects of State Anxiety and Ego Depletion on Performance Change in Golf Putting: A Hierarchical Linear Model Application. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 126(5), 904-921.
37. VaezMousavi, M., Shams, A. Bahrami, A.R., Farsi, A.R. (2015). Abdoli, B. Mental Preparation of Iranian Elite Athletes. Sport Psychology Studies, 4(13): 1-22. In Persian.
38. Walker, S. P. (2016). Mindfulness and mental toughness among provincial adolescent female hockey players. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(2), 46-50.
39. Walter, N., Nikoleizig, L., & Alfermann, D. (2019). Effects of Self-Talk Training on Competitive Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Volitional Skills, and Performance: An Intervention Study with Junior Sub-Elite Athletes. Sports, 7(6), 1-20.
40. Zadkhosh, S. M., Gharayagh Zandi, H., & Hemayattalab, R. (2019). The Effect of Physical Activities on Cognitive Function and Motor Performance of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Sport Psychology Studies, 8(27), 41-54. In Persian
2. Abolghasemi, A., Kiamarsi, A., Ariapooran, S., & Dortaj, F. (2006). Study the relationship between role ambiguity, role conflict and competitive anxiety with sport performance and academic achievement of athlete students. Research and Programing in High Education, 6(6), 18-26. In Persian
3. AfsanehPoorak, S., VaezMousavi, S. M., & Kazem, S. M. (2014). Validity and Reliability of Persian version of mental toughness questionnaire (MTQ48). Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 10(19), 39-54. In Persian
4. Ajilchi, B., Reza Amini, H. R., Pouraghaei Ardakani, Z., Mozafari Zadeh, M., & Kisely, S. (2019). Applying mindfulness training to enhance the mental toughness and emotional intelligence of amateur basketball players. Australasian Psychiatry, 27 (3), 291-296.
5. Amanendra, M., Gurmeet, S., Himanshu, H. (2018). Mental toughness and competitive anxiety between high and low performer’s football players. Health, Sports & Rehabilitation Medicine, 3(1):938- 941.
6. Bakker, A., Cai, J., English, L., Kaiser, G., Vilma Mesa, V., & Van Dooren, W. (2019). Beyond small, medium, or large: points of consideration when interpreting effect sizes. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 102, 1–8
7. Chen, J-H., Tsai, P-H., Lin, Y-C., Chen, C-K., & Chen, C-Y. (2019). Mindfulness training enhances flow state and mental health among baseball players in Taiwan. Psychological Research & Behavioral Management, 12, 15–21
8. Cheung, A. C., & Slavin, R. E. (2016). How methodological features affect effect sizes in education. Educational Researcher, 45(5), 283–292.
9. Chi, X., Bo, A.,Liu, T., Zhang, P., & Chi, I. (2018). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Depression in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1034. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01034
10. Correia, M. E., & Rosado, A. (2018). Fear of failure and anxiety in sport. Análise Psicológica, 36(1), 75-86.
11. Correia, M. E., & Rosado, A. (2019). Anxiety in Athletes: Gender and Type of Sport Differences. International Journal of Psychological Research, 12 (1), 9-17.
12. Cowden, R. G. (2017). Mental toughness and success in sport: A review and prospect. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 10(1), 1-14.
13. Díaz-González, C., Dueñas, C. P., Sánchez-Raya, A., Elvira, J. A. M., & Vázquez, V. S. (2018). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in adolescents with mental disorders: A randomised clinical trial. Psicothema, 30(2), 165-170.
14. Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C., Haglin, D., (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 716–721.
15. Ford, J. L., Ildefonso, K., Jones, M. L., & Arvinen-Barrow, M. (2017). Sport-related anxiety: current insights. Open access journal of sports medicine, 8(1), 205-212.
16. Ghaseminejad, M., Abolghasemi, A., Hajloo, N., & Marimani, M. (2017). Study the role of psychological well-being and mindfulness in predicting the mental toughness in athlete students. Culture in the Islamic University, 7(23), 169-182. In Persian
17. Gill, D. L., Williams, L., & Reifsteck, E. J. (2017). Psychological dynamics of sport and exercise. United States: Human Kinetics.
18. Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of personality, 83(1), 26-44.
19. Gucciardi, D. F., Peeling, P., Ducker, K. J, & Dawson, B. (2016). When the going gets tough: Mental toughness and its relationship with behavioural perseverance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(1), 81-86.
20. Hashim, H. A., & Baghepour, T. (2016). Validating the factorial structure of the Malaysian version of revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2 among young taekwondo athletes. Petranika Journal of Social Science & Humanistic, 24(2), 757-766.
21. Hoja, S.,& Jansen, P. (2019). Mindfulness-based intervention for tennis players: a quasi-experimental pilot study. Short Research Reports, 5:e000584. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000584
22. Jekauc, D., Kittler, C., & Schlagheck, M. (2016). Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention for athletes. Psychology, 8(1), 1-13
23. Jones, G. (2000). Stress and anxiety. In S.J. Bull, Sport Psychology: A self-help guide. Marlborough: Cordwood.
24. Jones, M.I., Parker, J. K. (2018). Mindfulness mediates the relationship between mental toughness and pain catastrophizing in cyclists. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(6),872-881.
25. Kalinin, R., Balázsi, R., Péntek, I., Duică, S., & Hanțiu, L. (2019). Relationship between competitive anxiety and mental toughness: a latent regression analysis. Health, Sports & Rehabilitation Medicine, 20(2), 70-74.
26. Khan, M. K., Khan, A., Khan, S. U., & Khan, S. (2017). Effects of Anxiety on Athletic Performance. Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine, 1(1), 1-5.
27. Liew, G. C., Kuan, G., Chin, N. S., & Hashim, H. A. (2019). Mental toughness in sport: Systematic review and future. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 49, 381-394.
28. Mehrsafar, A. H., Strahler, J., Gazerani, P., Khabiri, M., Sánchez, J. C. J., Moosakhani,A., & Zadeh, A. M. (2019). The effects of mindfulness training on competition-induced anxiety and salivary stress markers in elite Wushu athletes: A pilot study. Physioogy & Behavior. 15;210:112655. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.
29. Naderi, A., Shaabani, F., Zandi, H. G., Calmeiro, L., & Brewer, B. W. (2020). The effects of a mindfulness-based program on the incidence of injuries in young male soccer players. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 42(2), 161-171.
30. Parfitt, G., & Pates, J (1999). The effects of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence on components of performance during competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(5), 351-356.
31. Permadi, D., & Nurwianti, F. (2018). Mindfulness and Coping Skills as Predictors of Competitive Anxiety Amongst Athletes in Indonesia. Anima Indonesian Psychological Journal, 33(4), 231-240.
32. Pons, J., Viladrich, C., Ramis, Y., & Polman, R. (2018). The Mediating Role of Coping between Competitive Anxiety and Sport Commitment in Adolescent Athletes. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21, e7.
33. Raki, S., & Naderi, F. (2019). Effectiveness of mind-fullness based cognitive therapy on emotional cognitive regulation, resiliency and competitive anxiety in female athletes. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(6), 18-26. In Persian
34. Samadi, H. (2019). Investigating the Effectiveness of Mindfulness- Based Intervention on Self-confidence and Levels of Cognitive and Physical Anxiety of Shooters. Report of Health Care, 5(1), 45-53.
35. Scott-Hamilton, J., Schutte, N. S., Moyle, G. M., & Brown, R. F. (2015). The relationships between mindfulness, sport anxiety, pessimistic attributions and flow in competitive cyclists .International journal of sport psychology, 47(2),103-121.
36. Shin, M., Kim, Y., Park, S. (2019). Effects of State Anxiety and Ego Depletion on Performance Change in Golf Putting: A Hierarchical Linear Model Application. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 126(5), 904-921.
37. VaezMousavi, M., Shams, A. Bahrami, A.R., Farsi, A.R. (2015). Abdoli, B. Mental Preparation of Iranian Elite Athletes. Sport Psychology Studies, 4(13): 1-22. In Persian.
38. Walker, S. P. (2016). Mindfulness and mental toughness among provincial adolescent female hockey players. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(2), 46-50.
39. Walter, N., Nikoleizig, L., & Alfermann, D. (2019). Effects of Self-Talk Training on Competitive Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Volitional Skills, and Performance: An Intervention Study with Junior Sub-Elite Athletes. Sports, 7(6), 1-20.
40. Zadkhosh, S. M., Gharayagh Zandi, H., & Hemayattalab, R. (2019). The Effect of Physical Activities on Cognitive Function and Motor Performance of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Sport Psychology Studies, 8(27), 41-54. In Persian
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