نوع مقاله : مطالعه پژوهشی اصیل

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس‌ارشد تربیت‌بدنی عمومی، دانشگاه کردستان

2 دکتری رفتار حرکتی، دانشگاه کردستان

3 دکتری حرکات اصلاحی و تربیت‌بدنی معلولین، دانشگاه کردستان

چکیده

هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی ارتباط بین آمادگی قلبی ـ تنفسی با انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی در دانشجویان بود. بدین‌منظور، از بین دانشجویان تربیت‌‌‌بدنی دانشگاه کردستان و افرادی که براساس پرسش‌نامۀ مربوطه صلاحیت لازم را داشتند، 38 نفر (با میانگین سنی 60/1±23/22 سال؛ وزن 88/6±82/70 کیلوگرم) به‌صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. برای برآورد آمادگی قلبی ـ تنفسی، حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی شرکت‌کنندگان با استفاده از "تست بروس" اندازه‌گیری گردید و برای ارزیابی انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی از "آزمون رایانه‌ای مرتب‌کردن کارت‌های ویسکانسین" بهره گرفته شد. تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل آماری داده‌ها توسط روش‌های آماری توصیفی و آزمون ضریب هم‌بستگی پیرسون بیانگر آن است که هم‌بستگی معناداری بین حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی با متغیرهای آزمون مرتب‌کردن کارت‌های ویسکانسین مشاهده نمی‌شود. این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که بین آمادگی قلبی ـ تنفسی و انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی در دانشجویان ارتباط معناداری وجود ندارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Relationship between Cardiorespiratory Fitness with Cognitive Flexibility

نویسندگان [English]

  • Morteza Beglari 1
  • Mohammad Maleki 2
  • Saeid Ghaeeni 3

1 M.Sc. Of General Physical Education, University of Kurdistan

2 Ph.D. of Motor Behavior, University of Kurdistan

3 Ph.D. of Rehabilitation and Disabled Physical Education, University of Kurdistan

چکیده [English]

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness with cognitive flexibility in students. 38 students were randomly selected from physical education students of kurdistan university and those who had qualified on the basis of the relevant questionnaire (age: 22/23±1/60-year, weight: 70/82±6/88 kg). To estimate cardiorespiratory fitness, by using Bruce test, maximal oxygen uptake of subjects was measured and to assess the cognitive flexibility, the computerized Wisconsin card sorting test was used. By using descriptive statistics and pearson correlation coefficient, statistical analysis of the data showed that, there is no significant correlation between maximal oxygen uptakes with variables of Wisconsin card sorting test. These finding suggest that, there is no significant relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive flexibility in students.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
  • Cardiorespiratory Fitness
  • Cognitive Flexibility
  • Student
  1. Aberg, M. A. I., Pedersen, N., Tore, K., Svartengren, M., Ckstrand, B. R. B., Johnsson, T., & Kuhn, H. G. (2009). Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood. Neuroscience, 106, 20906-11.
  2. Adkins, D., Boychuk, J., Remple, M., & Kleim, J. (2006). Motor training induces experience-specific patterns of plasticity across motor cortex and spinal cord. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101, 1776-82.
  3. Alderman, B. L., & Olson, R. L. (2014). The relation of aerobic fitness to cognitive control and heart rate variability: A neurovisceral integration study. Biological Psychology, 99, 26–33.
  4. Beasman, K. (2005). The effect of an acute bout of physical activity on specific cognitive processes. (Unpublished master dissertation). University of Bufallo.
  5. Bell, M. A., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2007). Biological systems and the development of selfregulation: Integrating behavior, genetics, and psychophysiology. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 28(5), 409-20.
  6. Chan, J. S. Y., Wong, A. C. N., Liu, Y., Yu, J., & Yan, H. (2011). Fencing expertise and physical fitness enhance action inhibition. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 509-14.
  7. Chang, Y. K., & Ethnier, J. L. (2009). Effects of an acute bout of localized resistance exercise on cognitive performance in middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 19-24.
  8. Colcombe, S. J., & Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Science, 14(2), 125-30.
  9. Colcombe, S. J., Kramer, A. F., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P., McAuley, E., Cohen, N. J., & Elavsky, S. (2004). Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101, 3316–21.
  10. Conner, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
  11. Hassmen, P., Koivula, N., & Uutela, A. (2000). Physical exercise and psychological well-beings: A population study in Finland. Preventive Medicine, 20, 17-25.
  12. Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual: Revised and expanded (2th ed). Odessa: FL: Psychological Assessment Resources inc, 62.
  13. Hillman, Ch., Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neuroscience, 9, 58-65.
  14. Hillman, Ch., Motl, R. W., Pontifex, M. B., Posthuma, D., Stubbe, J. H., Boomsma, D. I., & de Geus, E. J. (2006). Physical activity and cognitive function in a cross-section of younger and older community-dwelling individuals. Health Psychol, 25(6), 678–87.
  15. Hillman, Ch., Weiss, E. P., Hagberg, J. M., & Hatfield, B. D. (2002). The relationship of age and cardiovascular fitness to cognitive and motor processes. Psychophysiology, 39, 303-12.
  16. Jackson, A., Sui, X., Hbert, J., Church, T., & Blair, S. (2009). Role of lifestyle and aging on the longitudinal change in cardiorespiratory fitness. Arch Intern Med, 169(19), 1781-7.
  17. Kamijo, K., & Masaki, H. (2015). Task difficulty affects the association between childhood fitness and cognitive flexibility. In K. Kanosue, T. Nagami, & J. Tsuchiya (Eds.), Sports performance (Pp. 91-101). Tokyo: Springer.
  18. Kanosue, K., Nagami, T., & Tsuchiya, J. (2015). Sport performance (1th ed). Tokyo: springer, 93.
  19. Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Cohen, N. J., Banich, M. T., McAuley, E., Harrison, C. R., & Colcombe, A. (1999). Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature, 400, 418-9.
  20. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Bec, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–62.
  21. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex frontal lobe tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100.
  22. Naderi, N. (1994). Study of information processing and some functions of neuropsychology in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. (Unpublished master dissertation). Tehran: Psychiatric Institute. (In Persian).
  23. Pontifex, M. B., Hillman, Ch., & Polich, J. P. (2009). Age, physical fitness, and attention: P3a P3b. Psychophysiology, 46, 379–87.
  24. Rezaei, M., Ashaeri, H., Yazdandoost, R., & Asgharnejad Farid, A. A. (2003). Frontal lobe cognitive functioning in adolescents with conduct disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology Andishe va Rafter, 2, 32-39. (In Persian).
  25. Salthouse, T. A., Fristoe, N., McGuthry, K. E., & Hambrick, D. Z. (1998). Relation of task switching to speed, age, and fluid intelligence. Psychology Aging, 13, 445-61.
  26. Scisco, J. L., Leynes, P. A., & Kang, J. (2008). Cardiovascular fitness and executive control during taskswitching: An ERP study. International Journal Psychophysiology, 69(1), 52-60.
  27. Scott, W. A. (1962). Cognitive complexity and cognitive flexibility. American Sociological Association, 25, 405-14.
  28. Shephard, R. J., Allen, C., & Benade, A. J. (1968). The maximum Oxygen intake. An international reference standard of cardiorespiratory fitness. Bull World Health Organ, 38(5), 757-64.
  29. Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests. New York: Oxford University Press.
  30. Stroth, S., Kubesch, S., Dieterle, K., Ruchsow, M., Heim, R., & Kiefer, M. (2009). Physical fitness, but not acute exercise modulates event-related potential indices for executive control in healthy adolescents. Brain Research, 1269, 114-24.
  31. Stroth, S., Reinhardt, R. K., Thone, J., Hille, K., Schneider, M., Hartel, S., & Spitzer, M. (2010). Impact of aerobic exercise training on cognitive functions and affect associated to the COMT polymorphism in young adults. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 94, 364–72.
  32. Themanson, J. R., & Hillman, Ch. (2006). Cardiorespiratory fitness and acute aerobic exercise effects on neuroelectric and behavioral measures of action monitoring. Neuroscience, 141, 757–67.
  33. Themanson, J. R., Pontifex, M. B., & Hillman, Ch. (2008). Fitness and action monitoring: Evidence for improved cognitive flexibility in young adults. Neuroscience, 157, 319–28.
  34. Vaynman, S., & Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2006). Revenge of the “sit”: How lifestyle impacts neuronal and cognitive health through molecular systems that interface energy metabolism with neuronal plasticity. Neuroscience, 84, 699–715.
  35. Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F., & Groisser, D. B. (1991). A normative-developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7(2), 131-49.