نوع مقاله : مطالعه پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1 کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی عمومی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران.
2 استاد گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران.
چکیده
هدف از انجام این پژوهش، مقایسة رگههای تاریک شخصیت، تصمیمگیری شناختی و استحکام روانی در بدنسازان طبیعی، مکملی و استروئیدی بود.روش این پژوهش توصیفی از نوع علی- مقایسهای است. جامعة آماری پژوهش را کلیة بدنسازان طبیعی، مکملی و استروئیدی شهر رشت در سال (1397) تشکیل دادند. از میان آنها 150 نفر (50 بدنساز طبیعی، 50 بدنساز مکملی و50 بدنساز استروئیدی) به صورت در دسترس انتخاب شدند و به مقیاس رگههای تاریک شخصیت جوناسون و وبستر، آزمون برد و باخت آیوا و مقیاس استحکام روانی ورزشی شرد و همکاران پاسخ دادند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها از تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره و آزمون تعقیبی ال.اس.دی استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره نشان داد بین رگههای تاریک شخصیت، تصمیمگیری شناختی و استحکام روانی در سه گروه تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین، نتایج آزمون تعقیبی ال.اس.دی مشخص کرد بدنسازان استروئیدی در مقایسه با بدنسازان مکملی و طبیعی از رگههای تاریک شخصیت و باخت بیشتر و از برد و استحکام روانی کمتری برخوردار بودند. بر اساس یافتههای پژوهش حاضر میتوان نتیجه گرفت سوء مصرف داروهای استروئیدی تأثیرات مخربی بر روی ویژگیهای شخصیتی و روانشناختی ورزشکاران به جای میگذارد. بنابراین لازم است مربیان توجه بیشتری به این مسائل داشته باشند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Comparison Dark Triad Traits of Personality, Cognitive Decision-Making and Mental Toughness in Natural, Supplement and Steroid Bodybuilders
نویسندگان [English]
- Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe 1
- Abbas Abolghasemi 2
- Seyyed Mousa Kafi Masouleh 2
1 M.A in General Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanity Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
2 Professor of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanity Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
چکیده [English]
The purpose of this study was to comparison the dark triad traits of personality, cognitive decision making and mental toughness in natural, supplement and steroid bodybuilders. The method of this research is causal-comparative descriptive. The statistical population of the study consisted of all natural, supplement and steroid bodybuilders in Rasht (2019) among whom 150 individuals (50 natural bodybuilders, 50 supplement bodybuilders and 50 steroidal bodybuilders) were selected and available on a Dark Triad Traits of Personality Scale Jonsson and Webster, Iowa Gambling Task Scale, and Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire Sheard et al. Multivariate analysis of variance and LSD test were used to analyze the data. Results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between dark triad traits of Personality, cognitive decision making, and mental toughness in the three groups. Also, the results of the LSD follow-up test showed that steroid bodybuilders had more dark triad traits of personality and loss of body traits compared to natural and supplement bodybuilders and had less mental toughness and won. Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that abuse of steroidal drugs has detrimental effects on personality and psychological characteristics of athletes. So, coaches need to pay more attention to these issues.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Dark Triad Traits of Personality
- Cognitive Decision Making
- Mental Toughness
- Bodybuilders
1. Alves, M. J., Dos Santos, M. R., Dias, R. G., Akiho, C. A., Laterza, M. C., Rondon, M. U., & Negrao, C. E. (2010). Abnormal neurovascular control in anabolic androgenic steroids users. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42(5), 865-871.
2. Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1-3), 7–15.
3. Crysel, L. C., Crosier, B. S., & Webster, G. D. (2013). The Dark Triad and risk behavior. Personality and individual differences, 54(1), 35-40.
4. Cooke, D. J., & Michie, C. (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model. Psychological assessment, 13(2), 171-188.
5. Coulter, T. J., Mallett, C. J., & Singer, J. A. (2016). A subculture of mental toughness in an Australian Football League club. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 98-113.
6. Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. Solutions in sport psychology, 32-43.
7. Drinkwater, K., Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., & Parker, A. (2019). The Moderating Effect of Mental Toughness: Perception of Risk and Belief in the Paranormal. Psychological reports, 122(1), 268-287.
8. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4.
9. Ekhtiar, H., Behzadi, A., Jannati, A., Mokri, A. (2004). Frequency of Losing or The Sum Lost: Which One Makes Us More Negative? Advances in Cognitive Science, 6 (3 and 4), 17-27. In Persian.
10. Furley, P., & Memmert, D. (2013). “Whom should I pass to?” the more options the more attentional guidance from working memory. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e62278.
11. Fair J (2015) Mr. America: The Tragic History of a Bodybuilding Icon. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
12. Gucciardi, D.F. (2017). Mental toughness: progress and prospects. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 17-23.
13. Gucciardi, D.F., Peeling, P., Ducker, K. J., & Dawson, B. (2016). When the going gets tough: Mental toughness and its relationship with behavioural perseverance. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 19(1), 81-86.
14. Grehaigne, J-F., Godbout, P., & Bouthier, D. (2001). The teaching and learning of decision-making in team sports. Quest, 53, 59-76.
15. Goldman, A., & Basaria, S. (2018). Adverse health effects of androgen use. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 464, 46-55.
16. Hajlo, N., Ghasemi Nejad, M.A., Jangi, S., Ansar Hossain, S. (2015). Relationship between the dark triad personality and cyber bullying in student internet users. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, 19(1), 24-31. In Persian.
17. Hatami, F., Hatami Shahmir, E., Adibpur, N., Tahmasbi, F. (2012). The Relationships between Mental Toughness and Physical Fitness in Female Students. Sport Psychology Studies, 1(2), 64-53. In Persian.
18. Helms, E.R., Fitschen, P.J., Aragon, A.A., Cronin, J., & Schoenfeld, B.J. (2015). Recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: Resistance and cardiovascular training. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 55(3), 164–178.
19. Hardy, L., Bell, J., & Beattie, S. (2014). A neuropsychological model of mentally tough behavior. Journal of Personality, 82(1), 69-81.
20. Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological assessment, 22(2), 420-432.
21. Jalilian, F., Allahverdipour, H. A., Moeini, B., Barati, M., Moghimbeigi, A., & Hatamzadeh, N. (2012). Relation of self-efficacy and perceived behavior control on gym users’ anabolic steroid use related behaviors. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 19(1), 45–52.
22. Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011). Differentiating the Dark Triad within the interpersonal circumplex. Handbook of interpersonal psychology: Theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions, 249-269.
23. Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(2), 331-339.
24. Larkin, P., Mesagno, C., Berry, J., & Spittle, M. (2018). Exploration of the perceptual-cognitive processes that contribute to in-game decision-making of Australian football umpires. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(2), 112-124.
25. Murgia, M., Sors, F., Muroni, A. F., Santoro, I., Prpic, V., Galmonte, A., & Agostini, T. (2014). Using perceptual home-training to improve anticipation skills of soccer goalkeepers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(6), 642-648.
26. Nicholls, A. R., Madigan, D. J., Backhouse, S. H., & Levy, A. R. (2017). Personality traits and performance enhancing drugs: The Dark Triad and doping attitudes among competitive athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 113-116.
27. Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y., Barkoukis, V., & Backhouse, S. (2014). Personal and psychosocial predictors of doping use in physical activity settings: a meta-analysis. Sports medicine, 44(11), 1603-1624.
28. Ozcagli, E., Kara, M., Kotil, T., Fragkiadaki, P., Tzatzarakis, M. N., Tsitsimpikou, C., ... & Alpertunga, B. (2018). Stanozolol administration combined with exercise leads to decreased telomerase activity possibly associated with liver aging. international journal of molecular medicine, 42(1), 405-413.
29. Papageorgiou, K. A., Gianniou, F. M., Wilson, P., Moneta, G. B., Bilello, D., & Clough, P. J. (2019). The bright side of dark: Exploring the positive effect of narcissism on perceived stress through mental toughness. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 116-124.
30. Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563.
31. Roca, A., Ford, P. R., & Memmert, D. (2018). Creative decision making and visual search behavior in skilled soccer players. PloS one, 13(7), e0199381.
32. Rauthmann, J. F., & Will, T. (2011). Proposing a multidimensional Machiavellianism conceptualization. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 39(3), 391-403.
33. Sheard, M., Golby, J., & Van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress toward construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 186-193.
34. Schmeichel, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2010). Effortful attention control. In B. Bruya(Ed.), Effortless attention: A new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action (pp. 29e49). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
35. Schaefer, J., Vella, S. A., Allen, M. S., & Magee, C. A. (2016). Competition anxiety, motivation, and mental toughness in golf. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(3), 309-320.
36. Sagoe, D., & Pallesen, S. (2018). Androgen abuse epidemiology. Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes and Obesity, 25(3), 185-194.
37. Tazegül, Ü. ve Ferah, M. (2016). The determination of the relationship between sports age and the levels of narcissism of female athletes. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 2(4), 36-44.
38. Tinsley, GM., Graybeal, AJ., Moore, ML., Nickerson, BS. (2019). Fat-free Mass Characteristics of Muscular Physique Athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 51(1), 193-201.
39. Travassos, B., Araujo, D., Davids, K., O'hara, K., Leitão, J., & Cortinhas, A. (2013). Expertise effects on decision-making in sport are constrained by requisite response behaviours–A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(2), 211-219.
)