نوع مقاله : مطالعه پژوهشی اصیل

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد، رشته روانشناسی عمومی، واحد سمنان, دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سمنان، ایران

2 استادیار گروه روانشناسی، واحد سمنان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سمنان، ایران

چکیده

هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر تدوین مدل علّی عزت نفس ورزشکاران بر اساس سرسختی روان‌شناختی و کمال­گرایی با میانجی­‏گری کنترل عواطف بود. این مطالعه از نوع همبستگی است. روابط بین متغیرهای پژوهش با استفاده از روش مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری بررسی شده است. شرکت‌کنندگان پژوهش 320 نفر از ورزشکاران شهر تهران در سال 2019 بودند که بر اساس روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. آنها پرسش­نامه‌های عزت نفس روزنبرگ (1989)، سرسختی روان‌شناختی اهواز کیامرثی، نجاریان و مهرابی زاده هنرمند (1998)، کمال­گرایی چندبعدی هویت و فلت (1991) و کنترل عواطفویلیامز، چامبلس و آهرنس (1997) را تکمیل کردند. ارزیابی الگوی پیشنهادی از طریق الگویابی معادلات ساختاری و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار لیزرل انجام گرفت. جهت آزمون روابط غیر‌مستقیم از روش بوت استراپ در دستور کامپیوتری ماکرو پریچر و هیز استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، مدل پیشنهادی از برازش مطلوبی برخوردار بود. به طورکلی نتایج نشان داد تمام مسیرهای مستقیم معنادار شدند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد مسیرهای غیرمستقیم کمال­گرایی و سرسختی روان‌شناختی نیز از طریق کنترل عواطف با عزت نفس معنادار بود. مدل ارزیابی شده از برازندگی مطلوبی برخوردار است و گام مهمی در جهت شناخت عوامل مؤثر بر عزت نفس ورزشکاران است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Structural Model of Self-Esteem of Athletes Based on Psychological Hardiness and Perfectionism with Mediator Affective Control

نویسندگان [English]

  • Asal khorami nejad 1
  • faezeh jahan 2

1 Semnan Unit, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of Psychology, Semnan University, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran

چکیده [English]

The purpose of this study was to structural model of self-esteem of athletes based on psychological hardiness and perfectionism with mediator affective control. This research is a correlation study in which the relationships between research variables are studied using equation structural modeling. The statistical population included all athletes Tehran city in year 2019. The participants consisted of 320 athletes were selected through convenience sampling technique. The research instruments included Rosenberg self-Esteem scale (1989), psychological hardiness scale of Ahwaz of Kiamersi, Najarian and Mehrabizadeh Honarmand (1998), multidimensional perfectionism scale (MPS) of Hewitt & Flett (1991) and affective control scale (ACS) of Williams, Chambless & Ahrens (1997) which the participants completed. Fitness of the proposed model was examined through structural equation modeling using lisrel software package. The indirect relationships were tested by using bootstrapping procedure in Preacher and Hayes Macro command. The proposed model had an acceptable fitness to the data. Overall, the results showed all the direct paths of were found significant. Also results showed, also this model showed indirect path psychological hardiness and perfectionism with self-esteem through mediator role affective control. The evaluated model has a good fit and is an important step in identifying the factors that are effective in affective control of athletes.

 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Self-Esteem
  • Psychological Hardiness
  • Perfectionism
  • Affective Control

1. Alam, SH., Rafiei, S., & Kashizadeh, M. (2016). Relationship between perfectionism, competitive anxiety and sport deterioration among taekwondo men of premier league. Sport Psychology Studeis, 5 (15), 65-78. In Persian.
2. Arbab, B., Vaez Moosavi., M.K., & Badami, R. (2016). The relation between sports perfectionism and competitive anxiety in women's national karate team. JRSM, 5 (10), 27-35. In Persian.
3. Aybek, A., Yetim, A., & Aybek, S. (2019). The Study of Psychological Endurance of the Elite Athletes in Turkey Depending on Their Ages and the League Playing in. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7 (4), 937-941.
4. Besharat, M., & Kashanaki, H. (2018). Perfectionism Dimensions and Interpersonal Problems: Gender Differences. Frooyesh, 6 (4), 73-92. In Persian.
5. Bojanic, Z., Nedeljkovic, J., Sakan, D., Mitic, P. M., Milovanovic, I., & Drid, P. (2019). Personality traits and self-esteem in combat and team sports. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2280.
6. Chen, C., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Roxborough, H. M. (2019). Multidimensional perfectionism and borderline personality organization in emerging adults: A two-wave longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 146, 143-148.
7. Choubchian Langarudi, H., & Zarbakhsh, M. (2018). The Relationship between Psychological Hardiness, Coping Styles, Emotion Regulation, and Tendency toward Addiction among Students. QJFR, 15 (3), 31-50. In Persian.
8. Correia, M., & Rosado, A. (2019). Anxiety in Athletes: Gender and Type of Sport Differences. International Journal of Psychological Research, 12 (1), 9-17.
9. Curran, T., & Hill, A. P. (2019). Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin, 145 (4), 1-72.
10. Drieberg, H., McEvoy, P. M., Hoiles, K. J., Shu, C. Y., & Egan, S. J. (2019). An examination of direct, indirect and reciprocal relationships between perfectionism, eating disorder symptoms, anxiety, and depression in children and adolescents with eating disorders. Eating behaviors, 32, 53-59.
11. Esposito, R. M., Stoeber, J., Damian, L. E., Alessandri, G., & Lombardo, C. (2019). Eating disorder symptoms and the 2× 2 model of perfectionism: mixed perfectionism is the most maladaptive combination. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 24 (4), 749-755.
12. Gilbert, P. Durrant, R. McEwan, K. (2006). Investigating relationships between perfectionism, forms and functions of self-criticism, and sensitivity to put-down. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1299-1308.
13. Golestani, H., Amindokhti, A., & Jafari, S. (2018). Relationship of self-oriented and society-oriented perfectionism with academic burn-out regarding mediating role of the internal and external motivation. Journal of Cilinical Psychology, 10 (1), 79-89. In Persian.
14. Hamachek, D. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Journal of Psychology, 15 ( 3 ), 27 - 33.
15. Harris, P. W., Pepper, C. M., & Maack, D. J. (2008). The relationship between maladaptive perfectionismand depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 150–160.
16. Hashemi, M., Darvishzeh, Z., & Yazdi, M. (2019). Comparison of psychological hardiness and cognitive emotion regulation in students with social anxiety disorder and normal students. Quarterly of Journal Psychological Studies, 15 (1), 41-56. In Persian.
17. Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60 (3), 456.
18. Hollander, M. H. (2015). Perfectionism. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 6, 94–103.
19. Hsu, K. J., Forgeard, M., Stein, A. T., Beard, C., & Björgvinsson, T. (2019). Examining differential relationships among self-reported attentional control, depression, and anxiety in a transdiagnostic clinical sample. Journal of affective disorders, 248, 29-33.
20. Kadyan, A., & Malik, S. (2017). Hardiness and self-esteem among female wrestlers: A correlational study. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 8 (11).
21. Karami, A., & Kazemabadi Farahani, Z. (2018). Effect of group therapy based on choice theory on emotional control and life expectancy in patients with MS in Tehran. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 1 (1), 1-10. In Persian.
22. Kiamersi, A., Najarian, B., and Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M. (1998). Develop and validating a scale for psychological hardiness. Journal of Psychology, 7 (2), 271-284. In Persian.
23. Kielkiewicz, K., Mathúna, C. Ó., & McLaughlin, C. (2019). Construct Validity and Dimensionality of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Its Association with Spiritual Values Within Irish Population. Journal of religion and health, 1-18.
24. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. (4th Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
25. Koivula, N., Hassmén, P., & Fallby, J. (2012). Self-esteem and perfectionism in elite athletes: Effects on competitive anxiety and self-confidence. Personality and individual differences, 32 (5), 865-875.
26. Maleki, B., Mohammadzadeh, H., SeyedAmeri, M., & ZamaniSani, S. (2011). The relationship between self-esteem and achievement motivation among successful and unsuccessful athletes in east azarbaijan province. Research in Rehabilitation Sciences, 7 (1), 1-10. In Persian.
27. Maricuțoiu, L. P., Payne, B. K., & Iliescu, D. (2019). It works both ways. Enhancing explicit self-esteem using the self-reference task. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 80, 8-16.
28. Mohammad Zadeh, M., Moghtader, L., & Asadi Majareh, S. (2019). Relationship between mental hardiness and emotional adjustment with emotional intelligence of Mothers with a mentally retarded child. IJNR, 14 (1), 29-35. In Persian.
29. Moradmand1, M., & Khanbani, M. (2016). Efficacy of written emotional disclosure on self-efficacy and affective control in student with anxiety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 10 (1), 21-37. In Persian.
30. Muris P. (2006). Unique and interactive effects of neuroticism and effortful control on psychopathological symptoms in nonclinical adolescents. Personal Individ Differ, 40(14),19–29.
31. Perlini, A. H., & Halverson, T. R. (2006). Emotional intelligence in the National Hockey League. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 38 (2), 109-121.
32. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36 (4), 717–731.
33. Qasim, S., Telfah, Y., & Haddad, Y. (2019). Physical self-esteem of wheelchair basketball players. Acta Gymnica, 49 (1), 3-9.
34. Raoof, K., Khademi Ashkzari, M., & Naghsh, Z. (2019). Relationship between perfectionism and academic procrastination: the mediating role of academic self-efficacy, self-esteem and academic self-handicapping. Quarterly of New Thoughts on Education, 15 (1), 207-236.In Persian.
35. Richardson, G.E., (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of clinical psychology, 58 (3),307-321.
36. Rosenberg, M. (1989). Determinants of self-esteem-a citation classic commentary on society and the adolescent self-image by Rosenberg, M. Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences, (11), 16-16.
37. Sadatkhah, M., Jafari Banafsheh Dargh, A., Rostamisamrin, H., & Mohamadi, M. (2015). Comparison of emotional intelligence, self-esteem and psychological hardiness between athletes and non-athletes. The first congress of psychology, educational sciences, and community pathology, Tehran, 42-54. In Persian.
38. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8 (2), 23-74.
39. Shahbazirad, A., Ghazanfari, F., Abbasi, M., & Mohammadi, F. (2015). The Role of Psychological Hardiness and Spiritual Health in Predict of Quality of Life in Students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. J Educ Community Health, 2 (2), 20-27. In Persian.
40. Sivrikaya, M. H. (2018). The Role of Psychological Hardiness on Performance of Scissors Kick. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6 (n12a), 70-74.
41. Soleimani, M A., Zarabadi-Pour, S., Pahlevan Sharif, S., & Motalebi, S. A. (2019). The Relationship Between Death Anxiety and Self-esteem in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci, 23 (1), 14-25. In Persian.
42. Stoeber, J., Otto, K., Pescheck, E., Becker, C., & Stoll, O. (2007). Perfectionism and competitive anxiety in athletes: Differentiating striving for perfection and negative reactions to imperfection. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 84-102.
43. Stirling, A. E., & Kerr, G. A. (2007). Elite female swimmers’ experiences of emotional abuse across time. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 7, 89-113.
44. Taher, M., Abolghasemi, A,. Mojarrad, A., & Abniki, E. (2017). The Role of Procrastination and Affect Control in Predicting Interpersonal Reactivity in Seniors. CPAP, 15 (1), 51-61. In Persian.
45. Tol WA, Song S, Jordans MJ. (2013). Annual researchreview: Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict–a systematic review of findings in low ‐andmiddle‐income countries J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 54, 445-60
46. Williams, K. E., Chambless, D. L., & Ahrens, A. (1997). Are emotions frightening? An extension of the fear of fear construct. Behaviour research and therapy, 35 (3), 239-248
47. Xin, Y., Li, Q., & Liu, C. (2019). Adolescent self-esteem and social adaptation: Chain mediation of peer trust and perceived social support. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 47 (4), 1-9.
48. Zeifman, R. J., Antony, M. M., & Kuo, J. R. (2020). When being imperfect just won't do: Exploring the relationship between perfectionism, emotion dysregulation, and suicidal ideation. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109612