نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران
2 استاد دانشگاه جامع امام حسین (ع)
3 استادیار دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران
چکیده
هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر تمرین حافظۀ کاری بر توجه و ظرفیت حافظۀ کاری کاراته‌کاران بود. از بین کاراته‌کاران ماهر استان البرز 24 نفر از طریق نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب و به‌صورت تصادفی در دو گروه کنترل و آزمایش قرار گرفتند و پیش‌آزمون توجه و ظرفیت حافظۀ کاری را انجام دادند. سپس شرکت‌کنندگان گروه آزمایش به مدت 25 جلسه تمرین‌های حافظۀ کاری را انجام دادند و در پایان، هر دو گروه در پس‌آزمون توجه و ظرفیت حافظۀ کاری شرکت کردند. ابزار جمع‌آوری اطلاعات، آزمون حافظۀ کاری عددی و فضایی، آزمون مهارت توجه بر اساس جدول سیاه و قرمز، و نرم افزار تمرین حافظۀ کاری بود. تحلیل کوواریانس چند متغیره نشان داد تمرین حافظۀ کاری سبب افزایش ظرفیت حافظۀ کاری و توجه کاراته‌کاران گروه آزمایش شده است. بطورکلی بالا بودن ظرفیت حافظۀ کاری بر متغیرهای روان‌شناختی درگیر با عملکرد اثر مثبت گذارده و در نهایت آن را بهبود می دهد. لذا تمرین‌های حافظۀ کاری برای افزایش پاسخ‌های مناسب کاراته‌کاران در موقعیت‌های پر فشار مفید است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Working Memory Training Increases Attention and Capacity Working Memory Among Karate Athletes
نویسندگان [English]
- Behnam Maleki 1
- Mohammad Vaez Mousavi 2
- Abdollah Ghasemi 3
1
2
3
چکیده [English]
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of working memory training on attention skill and capacity working memory among karate athletes. A number of 24 karate athletes were selected from Alborz's skilled karate athletes by convenience sampling and randomly assigned into control and experimental groups. They were asked to complete working memory capacity and attention tests. Then experimental group underwent a 25-session working memory training course. Finally, both group completed the tests again. Instruments included digit and spatial working memory test, black and red attention test, and working memory training software. Multivariate analysis of covariance showed that working memory training resulted in increase in working memory capacity and attention. Generally, based on the findings, working memory training is useful to increase karate athletes’ appropriate responses in high-pressure situations.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Digital Working Memory Test
- Spatial Working Memory Test
- Black and Red Attention Test
- Working Memory Training Software
- Baddeley, A. D. (2002). Is working memory still working? European Psychologist(2), 85-97.
- Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.),. The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory., 8, 47-89.
- Bahrami, A., Minasiyan, V., & Chlongariyan, N. (2012). Construction and Validation of Attention Skill Test in Some Athletes of Selected Provinces of Iran. . Motor Behavior., 12, 13-32. In Persian.
- Barnett, S. M., & Ceci, S. J. (2002). When and where do we apply what we learn?: A taxonomy for far transfer. Psychological bulletin, 128(4), 612.
- Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W. (2004). Individual differences in working memory capacity and dual-process theories of the mind. Psychological bulletin, 130(4), 553.
- Campbell, T., Dollaghan, C., Needleman, H., & Janosky, J. (1997). Reducing Bias in Language AssessmentProcessing-Dependent Measures. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40(3), 519-525.
- Conway, A. R., Cowan, N., & Bunting, M. F. (2001). The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: The importance of working memory capacity. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 8(2), 331-335.
- Dahlin, E., Nyberg, L., Bäckman, L., & Neely, A. S. (2008). Plasticity of executive functioning in young and older adults: immediate training gains, transfer, and long-term maintenance. Psychology and aging, 23(4), 720.
- Delavarian, M., Bokharaeian, B., Towhidkhah, F., & Gharibzadeh, S. (2015). Computer-based working memory training in children with mild intellectual disability. Early Child Development and Care, 185(1), 66-74.
10. Dunning, D. L., Holmes, J., & Gathercole, S. E. (2013). Does working memory training lead to generalized improvements in children with low working memory? A randomized controlled trial. Developmental Science, 16(6), 915-925.
11. Dunning DL, Holmes J.(2014). Does working memory training promote the use of strategies on untrained working memory tasks?. Mem Cogn, 42:854–862.
12. Engle, R. W. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current directions in psychological science, 11(1), 19-23.
13. Engle, R. W., & Kane, M. J. (2004). Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control. Psychology of learning and motivation, 44, 145-200.
14. Furley, P. A., & Memmert, D. (2010). The role of working memory in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(2), 171-194.
15. Furley, P. A., & Memmert, D. (2012). Working memory capacity as controlled attention in tactical decision making. Journal of sport & exercise psychology(34), 322-344.
16. GhotbiVarzane, A., Zarghami, M., Saemi, A., & Maleki, F. (2012). The effect of Cognitive Style on accuracy: The role of working memory. Journal of Development and Motor learning- sport, 10, 61- 78. In Persian.
17. Gray, S. A. (2011). Evaluation of a Working Memory Training Program in Adolescents with Severe Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities. University of Toronto.
- 18. Hiroyasu, T., Obuchi, S., Tanaka, M., Okamura, T., & Yamamoto, U. (2015). Working Memory Training Strategies and Their Influence on Changes in Brain Activity and White Matter. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 18th Asia Pacific Symposium on Intelligent and Evolutionary Systems, 2, 267-278.
19. Holmes, J., Gathercole, S. E., Place, M., Dunning, D. L., Hilton, K. A., & Elliott, J. G. (2010). Working memory deficits can be overcome: Impacts of training and medication on working memory in children with ADHD. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(6), 827-836.
20. Hovik, K. T. (2010). Can PC-based training boost working memory in ADHD preadolescents on medication?: a clinical intervention study.
21. Kane, M. J., Bleckley, M. K., Conway, A. R., & Engle, R. W. (2001). A controlled-attention view of working-memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(2), 169.
22. Kane, M. J., Conway, A. R., Hambrick, D. Z., & Engle, R. W. (2007). Variation in working memory capacity as variation in executive attention and control. Variation in working memory, 1, 21-48.
23. Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2003). Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: the contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(1), 47.
24. Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlström, K., . . . Westerberg, H. (2005). Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD-a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(2), 177-186.
25. Marishok, L., & Bahrami, A. (2006). Imagery and its use in the process of training basketball athletes. . Journal of Sports World. Belarusian State University of Physical Education and Tourism, 74.
26. McNab, F., Varrone, A., Farde, L., Jucaite, A., Bystritsky, P., Forssberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2009). Changes in cortical dopamine D1 receptor binding associated with cognitive training. Science, 323(5915), 800-802.
27. McNamara, D. S., & Scott, J. L. (2001). Working memory capacity and strategy use. Memory & cognition, 29(1), 10-17.
28. Morrison, A. B., & Chein, J. M. (2011). Does working memory training work? The promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 18(1), 46-60.
29. Olesen, P. J., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004). Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory. Nature neuroscience, 7(1), 75-79.
30. Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2006). Working memory capacity and attention network test performance. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20(5), 713-721.
31. Rode, C., Robson, R., Purviance, A., Geary, D. C., & Mayr, U. (2014). Is working memory training effective? A study in a school setting.
32. Schmiedek, F., Lövdén, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2010). Hundred days of cognitive training enhance broad cognitive abilities in adulthood: findings from the COGITO study. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 2.
33. Shipstead, Z., REdICk, T. S., & ENGlE, R. W. (2010). Does working memory training generalize. Psychologica Belgica, 50(3-4), 245-276.
34. Tulbure, B. T., & Siberescu, I. (2013). Cognitive Training Enhances Working Memory Capacity in Healthy Adults. A Pilot Study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 78, 175-179.
35. Ungerleider, L. G., Doyon, J., & Karni, A. (2002). Imaging brain plasticity during motor skill learning. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 78(3), 553-564.
)