نوع مقاله : مطالعه پژوهشی اصیل

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد روان‌شناسی ورزشی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی

2 استادیار رفتار حرکتی و روان‌شناسی ورزشی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی

چکیده

هدف از پژوهش حاضر، پیش‌بینی تفکر خلاف ‌‌واقع بر‌اساس خلق و خوش‌بینی در لیگ دو‌و‌میدانی‌ مردان در سال (1393) بود. آزمودنی‌ها را 92 دوندة لیگ دو‌و‌میدانی تشکیل دادند که ‌طبق جدول مورگان از میان 118 دونده انتخاب شدند. به‌منظور جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از سه پرسش‌نامة "برومرز"، ‌"جهت‌گیری زندگی" و "‌تفکر خلاف واقع برای رخدادهای منفی" استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که تفکر خلاف واقع رو به پایین با آرامش و خوش‌بینی، تفکر خلاف واقع رو به بالای بدون ارجاع با خشم و افسردگی و تفکر خلاف واقع رو به بالای خود‌ارجاع با تنش دارای ارتباط مثبت و معنادار می‌باشد. به‌عبارت‌دیگر، ابعاد خلق می‌توانند جهت تفکر خلاف واقع را پیش‌بینی نمایند. همچنین، تفکر رو به بالا که بر پیامدهایی بهتر از آنچه اتفاق افتاده است، متمرکز می‌باشد، منجر به بروز هیجانات منفی می‌شود؛ اما تفکر رو به پایین به‌دلیل آن‌که بر پیامدهایی بدتر از آنچه اتفاق افتاده است، متمرکز می‌باشد، باعث بروز هیجانات مثبت می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Prediction of Counterfactual Thinking According to Mood and Optimistic Outlook: Study of Iranian Men Athletics League

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saber Mehri 1
  • Zahra Pooraghaei Ardakani 2

1 M.Sc. of Science in Sport Psychology, Allame Tabatabaei University

2 Assistant Professor of Motor Behavioral and Sports Psychology, Allameh Tabatabaei University

چکیده [English]

The purpose of this study was the prediction of counterfactual thinking according to mood and optimistic in 2014 men athletics league. According to Morgan Table, 92 athletics were chosen from 118 athletics. Three questionnaires based on Brunel mood scale, life orientation scale and counterfactual thinking for negative events scale were utilized. A significant positive relationship between downward counterfactual thinking with calmness and optimistic was observed. Also Results showed that, no-referent (self-referent) upward counterfactual thinking had a positive relationship with anger and depression (tension).  In other words, the dimensions of mood can be used to predict the direction of counterfactual thinking. The upward (downward) counterfactual thinking which focuses on worse (beter) predicted outcomes is more likely to follow negative (positive) emotions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Counterfactual Thinking
  • Mood States
  • Optimistic Outlook
  • Norm Theory
  • Functional Model of Counterfactual Thinking
1. Allen, M. S., Greenlees, I.,‌ & Jones, M. (2013). Personality in sport: A comprehensive review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 184-208.
2. Bacon, A. M., Walsh, C. R., & Martin, L. (2013). Fantasy proneness and counterfactual thinking. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(4), 469-73.
3. Beedie, C. J., Terry, P. C., & Lane, A. M. (2000). The profile of mood states and athletic performance: Two meta-analyses. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12(1), 49-68.
4. Besharat, M. A., Bakhshi, S. Z. A., & Nasab, A. A. M. (2011). Mediation effect of anger rumination on the relationship between dimensions of anger and anger control with physical ill-health. ContemporaryPsychology,Biannual Journal of the Iranian Psychological Association, 5(2), 3-14. (In Persian).
5. Davis, C. G., Lehman, D. R., Wortman, C. B., Silver, R. C., & Thompson, S. C. (1995). The undoing of traumatic life events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(2), 109-24.
6. Farokhi, A., Motasharei, E., & Zeydabadi, R. (2013). Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Brunel Mood Scale 32 items. Journal of Motor Behavior, 5‌(13), 15-40. (In Persian).
7. Gavanski, I., & Wells, G. L. (1989). Counterfactual processing of normal and exceptional events. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25(4), 314-25.
8. Henderson, S. E., & Norris, C. J. (2013). Counterfactual thinking and reward processing: An FMRI study of responses to gamble outcomes. Neuroimage, 64(1), 582-89.
9. Kajbaf, M., & Khoshouei, M. S. (2009). Relationship between counterfactual thinking and quality of life among the university students. Andisheh va Raftar, 3(11), 23-34. (In Persian).
10.Kahneman D and Miller D (1986). Norm Theory: Comparing Reality to its Alternatives. Psychological Review 93(2) 136–153.
11. Kasimatis, M., & Wells, G. L. (1995). Individual differences in counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), 5, 81-101.
12. Khoshouei, M. S., & Nouri, A. (2009). Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the Counterfactual Thinking for Negative Events Scale (CTNES). Advances in CognitiveScience, 11(3), 13-23. (In Persian).
13. Kocovski, N. L., Endler, N. S., Rector, N. A., & Flett, G. L. (2005). Ruminative coping and post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(8), 971-84.
14. Lane, A. M., Whyte, G. P., Terry, P. C., & Nevill, A. M. (2005). Mood, self-set goals and examination performance: The moderating effect of depressed mood. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(1), 143-53.
15. Lickel, B., Schmader, T., & Barquissau, M. (2004). Collective guilt: International perspectives (2en ed). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 1-35.
16. Mahmoudian, H., Safari, H., Hashemzade, V. H., Mohammadtabar, M. A. S., & Rezvanifar, S. (2015). The relationship between the life orientation and development goals with the consent of students life. Journal of Educational Psychology, 35(11), 123-35. (In Persian).
17. Markman, K. D., & Miller, A. K. (2006). Depression, control, and counterfactual thinking: Functional for whom? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(2), 210-27.
18. Maxwell, J. (2004). Anger rumination: An antecedent of athlete aggression? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(3), 279-89.
19. Pierro, A., Leder, S., Mannetti, L., Higgins, E. T., Kruglanski, A. W., & Aiello, A. (2008). Regulatory mode effects on counterfactual thinking and regret. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(2), 321-29.
20. Pooraghaei Ardakani. Z., Mehri, S., & Parvazi Shandi, M. (2015). Relationship between personality dimensions and counterfactual thinking in runners in Iran's Super League in 2013-2014. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 5‌(S1),‌ 5515-‌21. 
21. Roese, N. J. (1994). The functional basis of counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 805, 133-148.
22. Roese, N. J. (1997). Counterfactual thinking. PsychologicalBulletin, 121(1), 133-148.
23. Roese, N. J., Hur, T., & Pennington, G. L. (1999). Counterfactual thinking and regulatory focus: Implications for action versus in action and sufficiency versus necessity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1109-1120.
24. Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1993). Self-esteem and counterfactual thinking. Journalof Personalityand Social Psychology, 65(1), 199-206.
25. Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (2006). Counterfactual thinking (1st ed). London‌: Nature Publishing Group. 1-325.
26. Rye, M. S., Cahoon, M. B., Ali, R. S., & Daftary, T. (2008). Development and validation of the counterfactual thinking for negative events scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(3), 261-69.
27. Sanna, L. J. (1996). Defensive pessimism, optimism, and stimulating alternatives: Some ups and downs of prefactual and counterfactual thinking. JournalofPersonality and Social Psychology, 71(5), 1020.
28. Sanna, L. J. (1999). Mental simulations, affect, and subjective confidence: Timing is everything. PsychologicalScience, 10(4), 339-45.
29. Sanna, L. J. (2000). Mental simulation, affect, and personality a conceptual framework. CurrentDirectionsin PsychologicalScience, 9(5), 168-73.
30. Sanna, L. J., Carter, S. E., & Small, E. M. (2006). Judgmentsover time: The interplayofthoughts,feelings,and behaviors (1st ed). New York: Oxford University Press. 163-81.
31. Sanna, L. J., Schwarz, N., & Stocker, S. L. (2002). When debiasing backfires: Accessible content and accessibility experiences in debiasing hindsight.Journal ofExperimentalPsychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(3), 497-502.
32. Sanna, L. J., Turley-Ames, K. J., & Meier, S. (1999). Mood, self-esteem, and simulated alternatives: Thought-provoking affective influences on counterfactual direction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(4), 5, 543-558.
33. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219.‏