نوع مقاله : مطالعه پژوهشی اصیل
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی پسا دکتری- پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی
2 دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تبریز
چکیده
هدف: با اینکه ورزشکاران از نظر سطح مهارت و آمادگی جسمانی به یکدیگر خیلی نزدیک شده‌اند؛ اما، همچنان در متغیرهای روان‌شناختی با یکدیگر متفاوتند. از اینرو، هدف پژوهش حاضر مقایسۀ هوش هیجانی، خودکارآمدی و ابعاد چشم‌اندازهای زمانی در بین ورزشکاران کشتی‌گیر نخبه و غیرنخبه بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: راهبرد این پژوهش توصیفی و پس‌رویدادی است. جامعه آماری شامل کلیۀ ورزشکاران مرد نخبه و غیرنخبۀ ایرانی در رشتۀ ورزشی کشتی بود که در نهایت 22 ورزشکار نخبه و 36 ورزشکار غیرنخبه به شیوۀ نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، به‌عنوان نمونۀ پژوهش انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها شامل پرسش‌نامۀ هوش هیجانی برادبری (2005)، پرسش‌نامۀ خودکارآمدی عمومی شرر (1982) و پرسش‌نامۀ چشم‌اندازهای زمانی زیمباردو (1999)، بود. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره و با بکارگیری نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 23، در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0p<، انجام شد. .
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داده که بین کشتی‌گیران نخبه و غیرنخبه در متغیرهای هوش هیجانی، خودکارآمدی و ابعاد چشم اندازه‌های زمانی تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود دارد. کشتی‌گیران نخبه از سطح هوش هیجانی و خودکارآمدی بالاتری نسبت به کشتی‌گیران غیرنخبه برخودار بودند. همچنین، بجز مؤلفۀ گذشتۀ منفی که نمرۀ کشتی‌گیران نخبه پایین‌تر از کشتی‌گیران غیرنخبه بود؛ در سایر مؤلفه‌ها (حال تقدیرگرا، حال لذت‌گرا، گذشتۀ مثبت، آینده و آیندۀ متعالی)، نمرۀ کشتی‌گیران نخبه بیشتر از کشتی‌گیران غیرنخبه بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: باتوجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر، می‌توان گفت: متغیرهای هوش‌هیجانی، خودکارآمدی و چشم‌اندازهای زمانی و اثرات آن بر عملکرد نخبگی ورزشکاران، بایستی بیش از پیش مورد توجه کلیۀ ورزشکاران، والدین، مربیان و متخصصین ورزشی قرار گیرند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The comparison of emotional intelligence, self-efficacy & dimensions of time perspectives between elite & non-elite wrestlers.
نویسندگان [English]
- shahram nazarpouri 1
- mohammadtaghi aghdasi 2
1 Postdoctoral student - Physical Education Research Institute
2 university of tabriz
چکیده [English]
Objectives: Although the athletes are very close to each other in terms of skill level and physical fitness; however, they still differ from each other in psychological variables. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and dimensions of time perspectives among elite & non-elite wrestlers.
Materials & methods: The strategy of this study is descriptive and retrospective. The statistical population included all elite and non-elite Iranian male athletes in wrestling, and finally 22 elite athletes and 36 non-elite athletes were selected. Data collection tools included Bradbury's Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (2005), Scherer's General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (1982), and Zimbardo's Time Perspectives Questionnaire (1999). Data analysis was done using multivariate analysis of variance test and using SPSS version 23 software, at a significance level of p<0.05.
Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference between elite & non-elite wrestlers in the variables of emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and dimensions of time horizons. Elite wrestlers had a higher level of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy than non-elite wrestlers. Also, except the negative past component, the score of elite wrestlers was lower comparison nonelite wrestlers; in the other components (predictive present, hedonistic present, positive past, future & sublime future), the score of elite wrestlers was higher than nonelite wrestlers.
Conclusion: It can be said, the variables of emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, and time perspectives and their effects on the elite performance of athletes, should be given more attention by all athletes, parents, coaches, and sports experts.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Keywords: elite wrestlers
- emotional intelligence
- self-efficacy
- time perspectives
- Astrom, E., Wiberg, B., Sircova, A., Wiberg, M., & Carelli, M. G. (2014). Insights into features of anxiety through multiple aspects of psychological time. Journal of Integrative Psychology and Therapeutics, 2(3), 1–7.
- Adams, J., and Nettle, D. (2009). Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity: an empirical study. Br. J. Health Psychol. 14, 83–105. Doi: 10.1348/135910708X2 99664.
- Arribas-Galarraga, S., Cecchini, J. A., Luis-De-Cos, I., Saies, E., & Cos, L. D. (2019). Influence of emotional intelligence on sport performance in elite canoeist.
- Bastian, V. A., Burns, N. R., & Nettelbeck, T. (2005). Emotional intelligence predicts life skills, but not as well as personality and cognitive abilities. Personality and individual differences, 39(6), 1135-1145.
- Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 4(3), 359.
- Boniwell, I., Osin, E., and Sircova, A. (2014). Introducing time perspective coaching: a new approach to improve time management and enhance wellbeing. Int. J. Evid. Based Coach. Mentor. 12, 24–40.
- Boyd, J. N., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1997). Constructing time after death: The transcendental-future time perspective. Time & Society, 6(1), 35-54.
- Crombie, D., Lombard, C., & Noakes, T. (2009). Emotional intelligence scores predict team sports performance in a national cricket competition. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(2), 209-224.
- Cairney, J., Hay, J. A., Faught, B. E., Leger, L. U. C., & Mathers, B. (2008). Generalized self‐efficacy and performance on the 20‐metre shuttle run in children. American Journal of Human Biology, 20(2), 132-138.
- Campo, M., Laborde, S., & Mosley, E. (2016). Emotional intelligence training in team sports: The influence of a season long intervention program on trait emotional intelligence. Journal of Individual Differences, 37(3), 152.
- Feltz, D. L., & Lirgg, C. D. (2001). Self-efficacy beliefs of athletes, teams, and coaches. Handbook of sport psychology, 2(2001), 340-61.
- Feltz, D. L., Short, S. E., & Sullivan, P. J. (2008). Self-efficacy in sport. Human Kinetics.
- García, J. A., and Ruiz, B. (2015). Exploring the role of time perspective in leisure choices: What about the balanced time perspective? J. Leis. Res. 47, 515–537. Doi: 10.18666/jlr-2015-v47-i5-5876.
- Guthrie, L. C., Lessl, K., Ochi, O., and Ward, M. M. (2013). Time perspective and smoking, obesity, and exercise in a community sample. Am. J. Health Behav. 37, 171–180. Doi: 10.5993/AJHB.37.2.4.
- Golestane, Seyed Musa; Afshin, Seyed Ali and Dehghani, Ali (2015). The relationship between time perspective and goal orientation, academic procrastination and academic achievement. Students of different faculties of the Persian Gulf University. Two quarterly scientific-research journal of social cognition, 52-71, (2). (Persian).
- Guillén, F., and Martínez-Alvarado, J. R. (2014). The sport engagement scale: an adaptation of the utrecht work engagement scale (UWES) for the Sports Environment. Univ. Psychol. 13, 975–984.
- Henson, J. M., Carey, M. P., Carey, K. B., and Maisto, S. A. (2006). Associations among health behaviors and time perspective in young adults: model testing with boot-strapping replication. J. Behav. Med. 29, 127–137. Doi: 10.1007/ s10865-005-9027-2.
- Harber, K. D., Zimbardo, P. G., and Boyd, J. N. (2003). Participant self-selection biases as a function of individual differences in time perspective. Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 25, 255–264. Doi: 10.1207/S15324834BASP2503_08.
- Joseph, D. L., Jin, J., Newman, D. A., & O'Boyle, E. H. (2015). Why does self-reported emotional intelligence predict job performance? A meta-analytic investigation of mixed EI. Journal of applied psychology, 100(2), 298.
- Kuczka, K. K., & Treasure, D. C. (2005). Self-handicapping in competitive sport: Influence of the motivational climate, self-efficacy, and perceived importance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6(5), 539-550.
- Laborde, Sylvain, Fabrice Dosseville, Félix Guillén, and Enrique Chávez. "Validity of the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire in sports and its links with performance satisfaction." Psychology of Sport and Exercise15, no. 5 (2014): 481-490.
- Laborde, S., Guillén, F., & Watson, M. (2017). Trait emotional intelligence questionnaire full-form and short-form versions: Links with sport participation frequency and duration and type of sport practiced. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 5-9.
- Leung, D., & Esplen, M. J. (2010). Alleviating existential distress of cancer patients: can relational ethics guide clinicians? European Journal of Cancer Care, 19(1), 30–38.
- Laborde, S., Guillén, F., & Watson, M. (2017). Trait emotional intelligence questionnaire full-form and short-form versions: Links with sport participation frequency and duration and type of sport practiced. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 5-9.
- Lane, A. M., & Wilson, M. (2011). Emotions and trait emotional intelligence among ultra-endurance runners. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14(4), 358-362.
- MacNamara, Á. Button, A., and Collins, D. (2010). The role of psychological characteristics in facilitating the pathway to elite performance part1: identifying mental skills and behaviors. Sport. Psychol. 24, 52–73. Doi: 10.1123/tsp.24.1.52.
- Mitić P, Nedeljković J, Bojanić Ž, Franceško M, Milovanović I, Bianco A, Drid P. Differences in the Psychological Profiles of Elite and Non-elite Athletes. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021 Mar 18; 12:769.
- Makari Sai, Sima, Hosseini, Fatemeh Sadat, & Ahmadi, Malik. (2022). The role of general self-efficacy and psychological resistance on psychological management in premier league basketball players. Sports psychology studies, doi: 10.22089/spsyj.2020.9224.2003. (In Persian).
- Malik Mohammadi Mohsen, Nouri Hasan Ali and Ibn al-Shariah Milad (2015). Emotional intelligence, its dimensions, characteristics and models. The second international conference on modern researches in management, Tehran. (In Persian).
- Moritz, S. E., Feltz, D. L., Fahrbach, K. R., & Mack, D. E. (2000). The relation of self-efficacy measures to sport performance: A meta-analytic review. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 71(3), 280-294.
- Nazarpuri, Khalji, & Mardane (2013). the relationship between IQ, emotional intelligence and movement readiness with learning claw skills and volleyball serve. Motor behavior, 12, 141-161. (In Persian).
- Oyanadel, C., Buela-Casal, G., Araya, T., Olivares, C., and Vega, H. (2014). Percepción del tiempo: resultados de una intervención grupal breve para el cambio del perfil temporal [Time perception: results of a brief group intervention to change time perspective profiles]. Suma Psicol. 21, 1–7. Doi: 10.1016/S0121-4381(14)70001-3.
- Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M. A., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., and Ryan, R. M. (2013). Validation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychol. Sport Exerc. 14, 329–341. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002.
- Perlini, A. H., & Halverson, T. R. (2006). Emotional intelligence in the national hockey league. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 38(2), 109.
- Pina, J. A., Passos, A. M., Maynard, M. T., & Sinval, J. (2021). Self-efficacy, mental models and team adaptation: A first approach on football and futsal refereeing. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101787.
- Raedeke, T. D., and Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 23, 281–306. Doi: 10.1123/ jsep.23.4.281.
- Stolarski, M., Fieulaine, N., & Van Beek, W. (Eds.). (2015). Time perspective theory: Review, research & application. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
- Shojaei, Vahid, & Ghorbani, Saeed. (2022). The relationship between perseverance and mental strength and emotional intelligence of elite athletes. Sports psychology studies, doi: 10.22089/spsyj.2019.6484.1686. (In Persian)
- Stephen, S. A., Habeeb, C. M., & Arthur, C. A. (2022). Congruence of efficacy beliefs on the coach-athlete relationship and athlete anxiety: Athlete self-efficacy and coach estimation of athlete self-efficacy. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 58, 102062.
- Stolarski, M., Fieulaine, N., and Zimbardo, P. G. (2018). “Putting time in a wider perspective: The past, the present, and the future of time perspective theory,” in The SAGE Handbook of Personality and Individual Differences, Eds V. Zeigler-Hill and T. K. Shackelford (Thousand Oakes, CA: SAGE Publishing).
- Stolarski, M., Waleriańczyk, W., & Pruszczak, D. (2019). Introducing temporal theory to the field of sport psychology: Toward a conceptual model of time, perspectives in athletes’ functioning. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2772.
- Soylu, Y. (2021). Comparison of emotional intelligence levels of soccer players according to age and playing position. Acta Gymnica, 51(1), 1-5.
- Shores, K., and Scott, D. (2007). The relationship of individual time perspective and recreation experience preferences. J. Leis. Res. 39, 28–59. Doi: 10.1080/00222216. 2007.11950097.
- Suddendorf, T., and Corballis, M. C. (2007). The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Behav. Brain Sci. 30, 299–313. Doi: 10.1017/S0140525X07001975.
- Taj, Mahshid; Makri, Azarakhsh & Fatuhi, Akbar (2005). Depreciation of delayed value and its correlation with time perspective in medical interns. Journal 327-334, (3) Iranian psychiatry and clinical psychology (thought and behavior), 11. (Persian).
- Winsley, R., and Matos, N. (2011). Overtraining and elite young athletes. Med. Sport Sci. 56, 97–105. Doi: 10.1159/000320636.
- Wittig, A. F., Duncan, S. L., & Schurr, K. T. (1987). The relationship of gender, gender-role endorsement and perceived physical self-efficacy to sport competition anxiety. Journal of sport behavior, 10(4), 192.
- Vealey, R. S. (1986). Conceptualization of sport-confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation & instrument development. J. Sport Psychol. 8, 221–246. Doi: 10.1123/jsp.8.3.221.
- Van Yperen, N. W. (2009). Why some make it and others do not: identifying psychological factors that predict career success in professional adult soccer. Sport. Psychol. 23, 317–329. Doi: 10.1123/tsp.23.3.317.
- Žvan, M., & Čoh, M. (2018). Identification of young talents in sport. Glasnik Antropološkog društva Srbije, 53(1-2).
- Zimbardo, P. G., and Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individual-differences metric. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 77, 1271–1288.Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271.
- Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2008). The time paradox: the new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Free Press.
- Zentsova, N. I., and Leonov, S. V. (2013). Comparative characteristics of time perspective of professional athletes and drug addicted people. Proc. Soc. Behav. Sci. 78, 340–344.Doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.307.
- Zagórska, A., & Guszkowska, M. (2014). A program to support self‐efficacy among athletes. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 24(3), e121-e128.
)